Abstract
A natural approach of animal creativity through insightful problem-solving may offer a panel of how physiological, contextual, cultural and developmental variables related to each other to produce new behaviors. The spontaneous interconnection of acquire behaviors is an Insightful Problem-Solving model based on the new combination and/or chaining of behaviors that were previously and independently trained. This model seems to offer an integrative alternative for the studies of Innovation and Behavioral Flexibility because it allows the research on innovation in a scenario in which the response that solves the problem situation is not available by trial-and-error. Measuring task-appropriateness by behavior flexibility and novelty by behavior innovation under insightful problem-solving paradigm can contribute for the integration of decades of evidence in Cognitive Psychology, Neuro-ethology, Behavior Analysis and Behavioral Neurosciences. The Insightful Problem-Solving allows the independent test of behavioral innovation and behavioral flexibility as it measures the behavioral innovation inside insightful test and tests if the BF depends on variables arranged in the problem-situation and/or on the previous training (e.g. familiarity with access to appetitive stimulus in the pre-test, the number of distinct behaviors trained, and contingency changes in the post-test).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arnold, M. A., & Christopher Newland, M. (2018). Variable behavior and repeated learning in two mouse strains: Developmental and genetic contributions. Behavioural Processes, 157, 509–518
Audet, J., & Lefebvre, L. (2017). What’s flexible in behavioral flexibility. Behavioral Ecology, 28(4), 943–947. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arx007.
Bandini, E., & Harrison, R. A. (2020). Innovation in chimpanzees. Biological Reviews, 95(5), 1167–1197. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12604.
Barrett, L. P., Stanton, L., & Benson-Amram, S. (2018). The Cognition of ‘nuisance’ species. Animal Behavior, Special Issue Cognitive Ecology, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.05.005.
Barsalou, L. W. (2008). Grounded cognition. Annual Review in Psychology, 59, 617–645. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143840
Beghetto, R. A. (2007a). Does creativity have a place in classroom discussions? prospective teachers’ response preferences. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 2(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2006.09.002.
Beghetto, R. A. (2007b). Ideational code-switching: Walking the talk about supporting student creativity in the classroom. Roeper Review: A Journal on Gifted Education, 29(4), 265–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783190709554421.
Beghetto, R. A. (2013). Killing ideas softly? The promise and perils of creativity in the classroom. Charlotte: IAP Information Age Publishing.
Beghetto, R. A. (2014a). Creative mortification: An initial exploration. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 8(3), 266–276. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036618.
Beghetto, R. A. (2014b). Creativity: Development and enhancement. In J. A. Plucker & C. M. Callahan (Eds.), Critical issues and practices in gifted education: What the research says (2nd ed., pp. 183–196). Waco: Prufrock Press.
Beghetto, R. A., & Kaufman, J. C. (2007a). The genesis of creative greatness: Mini-c and the expert performance approach. High Ability Studies, 18(1), 59–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598130701350668.
Beghetto, R. A., & Kaufman, J. C. (2007b). Toward a broader conception of creativity: A case for ‘mini-c’ creativity. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 1(2), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1037/1931-3896.1.2.73.
Birch, H. G. (1945). The relation of previous experience to insightful problem-solving. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 38(6), 367–383.
Boden, M. (2004). The creative mind: Myths and mechanisms (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
Brady, A. M., & Floresco, S. B. (2015). operant procedures for assessing behavioral flexibility in rats. Journal of Visual Experimentation, 96. https://doi.org/10.3791/52387.
Brubaker, L., Dasgupta, S., Bhattacharjee, D., Bhadra, A., & Udell, A. R. (2017). Differences in problem-solving between canid populations: Do domestication and lifetime experience affect persistence. Animal Cognition, 20(4), 717–723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-017-1093-7.
Buitenweg, J., van de Ven, R. M., Prinssen, S., Murre, J., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2017). Cognitive flexibility training: a large-scale multimodal adaptive active-control intervention study in healthy older adults. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 529. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00529
Byrne, R. M. J., & Murray, M. A. (2005). Attention and working memory in insight problem-solving. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 27, 1571–1575.
Canestrari, C., Branchini, E., Bianchi, I., Savardi, U., & Burro, R. (2018). Pleasures of the mind: what makes jokes and insight problems enjoyable. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2297. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02297
Catani, A. C., Ono, K., Souza, D. G. (2000). Sources of Novel Behavior: Stimulus Control Arranged for Different Response Dimensions. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 1(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/15021149.2000.11434153.
Cook, R. G., & Fowler, C. (2014). “Insight” in pigeons: absence of means–end processing in displacement tests. Animal Cognition, 17(2), 207–220
Cristofori, I., Salvi, C., Beeman, M., & Grafman, J. (2018). The effects of expected reward on creative problem-solving. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-018-0613-5
Davidson, J. E., & Sternberg, R. J. (2003). The psychology of problem solving. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Delage, P. E. G. A. (2011). Transferência de aprendizagem no uso de ferramentas por Macacos-Prego (Cebus apella). (Tese de Doutorado). Universidade Federal do Pará. Pará: Belém.
Delage, P. E. G. A., & Carvalho-Neto, M. B. (2010). Um modo alternativo de construir um operant: a aprendizagem recombinativa. Psicologia em Pesquisa, 4(1), 50–56.
Dicezare, R. H. (2017). Recombinação de comportamentos em ratos Wistar (Rattusnorvegicus) em um novo procedimento de deslocamento de caixa. Dissertação de Mestrado defendida junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Experimental da Universidade de São Paulo.
Dicezare, R. H., & Garcia-Mijares, M. (2019) Recombination of behaviors in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) in a new box displacement procedure. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Dietrich, A. (2018). Types of creativity. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-018-1517-7
Dostál, J. (2015). Theory of problem solving. Procedi: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, 2798–2805.
Ellis, J., Glaholt, M. G., & Reingold, E. M. (2011). Eye movements reveal solution knowledge prior to insight. Consciousness and Cognition, 20(3), 768–776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2010.12.007.
Epstein, R. (1985). The spontaneous interconnection of three behaviors. The Psychological Record, 35, 131–141.
Epstein, R. (1987). The spontaneous interconnection of four behaviors of behavior in a pigeon (Columba livia). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 101(2), 197–201.
Epstein, R. (1991). Skinner, creativity, and the problem of spontaneous behavior. Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1991.tb00168.x.
Epstein, R. (2014). On the orderliness of behavioral variability: Insights from generativity theory. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.08.004.
Epstein, R. (2015). On the rediscovery of the principle of resurgence. Mexican Journal of Behavior Analysis, 41.
Epstein, R., Kirshnit, C. E., Lanza, R. P., & Rubin, L. C. (1984). ‘Insight’ in the Pigeon: antecedents and determinants of an intelligent performance. Nature, 308, 61–62.
Epstein, R., & Medalie, S. D. (1983). The Spontaneous Use of a Tool by a Pigeon. Behavior Analysis Letters, 3, 241–247.
Felden, A., Paris, C. I., Chapple, D. G., Haywood, J., Suarez, A. V., Tsutsui, N. D., Lester, P. J., Gruber, M. A. M. (2018). Behavioral variation and plasticity along an invasive ant introduction pathway. Journal of Animal Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12886.
Ferster, C. B., & Skinner, B. F. (1997). Schedules of Reinforcement. Cambridge: B. F. Skinner Foundation. First Published at 1957.
Fleck, J. I. (2008). Working memory demands in insight versus analytic problem solving. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 20(1), 139–176.
Fleck, J. I., & Weisberg, R. W. (2013). Insight versus analysis: Evidence for Diverse Methods in Problem-Solving. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(4), 436–463.
Foerder, P., Galloway, M., Barthel, T., Moore, D. E., & Reiss, D. (2011). Insightful Problem Solving in an Asian Elephant. PLoS ONE, 6(8), e23251. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023251.
Gilhooly, K. J. (2016). Incubation and Intuition in Creative Problem Solving. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1076.
Glaveanu, V. P. (2011). Creativity as cultural participation. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 41(1), 48–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.2010.00445.x.
Glaveanu, V. P. (2013). Rewriting the language of creativity: The five A’s framework. Review of General Psychology, 17(1), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029528.
Griffin, A. S. (2016). Innovativeness as an emergent property: a new alignment of comparative and experimental research on animal innovation. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 371. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0544.
Griffin, A. S., & Guez, D. (2014). Innovation and Problem Solving: A review of common mechanisms. Behavioral Processes, 109, 121–134.
Griffin, A. S., Guez, D., Lermite, F., & Patience, M. (2013). Tracking Changing Environments: Innovators Are Fast, but Not Flexible Learners. PLoS ONE, 8(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084907.
Guilford, J. P. (1950). Creativity. American Psychologist, 5, 444–454.
Heinrich, B. (1995). An Experimental Investigation of Insight in Common Ravens (Corvuscorax). The Auk, 112(4), 994–1003.
Helfand, M., Kaufman, J. C., & Beghetto, R. A. (2017). The Four C Model of Creativity: Culture and context. In V. P. Glăveanu (Ed.), Palgrave handbook of creativity and culture research (pp. 15–360). New York: Palgrave.
Hennessey, B. A., & Amabalie, T. M. (2010). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 569–598. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100416.
Holekamp, K. E., & Benson-Amram, S. (2017). The evolution of intelligence in mammalian carnivores. Interface Focus, 7. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0108.
Huebner, F., & Fichtel, C. (2015). Innovation and behavioral flexibility in wild redfronted lemurs (Eulemurrufifrons). Animal Cognition, 18(3), 777–787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-015-0844-6.
Kaufman, J. C., & Beghetto, R. A. (2009). Beyond big and little: the four c model of creativity. Review of General Psychology, 13(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013688.
Kaufman, J. C., & Beghetto, R. A. (2013). Do people recognize the Four Cs? Examining layperson conceptions of creativity. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 7, 229–236.
Kaufman, J. C. (2015). Creativity is life: a commentary on the special issue. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 49(3), 233–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.128.
Keane, M. (1989). Modelling problem solving in Gestalt “insight” problems. Irish Journal of Psychology, 10, 201–215.
Kizilirmak, J. M., Thuerich, H., Folta-Schoofs, K., Schott, B. H., & Richardson-Klavehn, A. (2016). Neural Correlates of Learning from Induced Insight: A Case for Reward-Based Episodic Encoding. Frontiers in Psychology, 1(7), 1693.
Knoblich, G., Ohlsson, S., & Raney, G. E. (2001). An eye movement study of insight problem solving. Memory & Cognition, 29(7), 1000–1009. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195762.
Köhler, W. (1952). The Mentality of Apes. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. First Published in 1917.
Köhler, W. (1959). Gestalt Psychology Today. American Psychologist, 14, 727–734.
Koops, K. (2020). Chimpanzee termite fishing etiquette. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(9), 887–888. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0895-9.
Kounios, J., & Beeman, M. (2009). The Aha! Moment: the Cognitive Neuroscience. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(4), 210–216.
Kounios, J., & Beeman, M. (2014). The Cognitive Neuroscience of Insight. The Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 71–93.
Kubina, R. M., Morrison, R. S., Lee, D. L. (2006). Behavior Analytic Contributions to the Study of Creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 40(4), 223–242. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.2006.tb01275.x.
Lassig, C. J. (2013). Approaches to creativity: How adolescents engage in the creative process. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 10, 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2013.05.002.
Lattal, K. A. (1995). Contingency and Behavior Analysis. Mexican Journal of Behavior Analysis, 21, 47–73.
Lea, S. E. G., Chow, P. K. Y., Leaver, L. A., & McLaren, I. P. L. (2020). Behavioral flexibility: A review, a model, and some exploratory tests. Learning & Behavior. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-020-00421-w.
Lee, C. S., Therriault, D. J., & Linderholm, T. (2012). On the cognitive benefits of cultural experience: Exploring the relationship between studying abroad and creative thinking. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26(5), 768–778. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2857.
Lefebvre, L. (2013). Brains, innovations, tools and cultural transmission in birds, non-human primates, and fossil hominins. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 245. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00245.
Leung, A. K., & Chiu, C. (2010). Multicultural experience, idea receptiveness, and creativity. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41(5–6), 723–741. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110361707.
Leung, A. K., Maddux, W. W., Galinsky, A. D., & Chiu, C. (2008). Multicultural experience enhances creativity: The when and how. American Psychologist, 63(3), 169–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.169.
Lind, J., Lönnberg, S., Persson, T., & Enquist, M. (2017). Time Does Not Help Orangutans Pongo abelii Solve Physical Problems. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 161–167. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00161.
Logan, C. J. (2016a). Behavioral flexibility and problem solving in an invasive bird. PeerJ, 4, e1975. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1975.
Logan, C. J. (2016b). How far will a behaviorallyflexible invasive bird go to innovate? Royal Society Open Science, 3. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160247.
Logan, C. J. (2016c). Behavioral flexibility in an invasive bird is independent of other behaviors. PeerJ, 12(4), e2215. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2215.
Logan, C. J., Jelbert, S. A., Breen, A. J., Gray, R. D., & Taylor, A. H. (2014). Modifications to the Aesop’s Fable Paradigm Change New Caledonian Crow Performances. PLoS ONE, 9(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103049.
Lu, J. G., Akinola, M., & Mason, M. F. (2017). “Switching on” creativity: Task switching can increase creativity by reducing cognitive fixation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 139, 63–75.
Maier, N. R. F. (1940). The behavioral mechanisms concerned with problem solving. Psychological Review, 47, 43–58.
Mednick, S. A. (1962). The Associative Basis of the Creative Process. Psychology Review, 69, 220–232. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0048850.
Morgan, D. L. (2010). Schedules of Reinforcement at 50: A Retrospective Appreciation. The Psychological Record, 60, 151–158.
Neves-Filho, H., Dicezare, R. H. F., Martins-Filho, A. M., & Garcia-Mijares, M. (2016b). Efeitos de treinos sucessivo e concomitante sobre a recombinação de repertórios de cavar e escalar em Rattus norvegicus. Perspectivas em Análise do Comportamento, 7(2), 243–255.
Neves-Filho, H. B. (2010). Efeitos de Diferentes Histórias de Treino sobre a Ocorrência de “Insight” em Macacos-Prego (Cebus spp.). Belém: Dissertação de Mestrado. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Teoria e Pesquisa do Comportamento.
Neves-Filho, H. B., Carvalho-Neto, M. B., Barros, R. S., & Costa, J. R. (2014). Insight em Macacos-Prego com diferentes contextos de treinos de habilidades pré-requisito. Interação em Psicologia, 18(3), 333–350.
Neves-Filho, H. B., Carvalho-Neto, M. B., Taybelbaum, G. P. T., Malheiros, R. S., & Knaus, Y. C. (2016a). Effects of different training histories upon manufacturing a tool to solve a problem: insight in capuchin apes (Sapajus spp.). Animal Cognition, 1. 10.1007/s10071-016-1022-1.
Neves-Filho, H. B., Stella, L. D., Dicezare, R. H., & Garcia-Mijares, M. (2015). Insight in the white rat: spontaneous interconnection of two behaviors in Rattus norvegicus. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/15021149.2015.1083283.
Orita, R., & Hattori, M. (2018). Positive and negative affects facilitate insight problem-solving in different ways: a study with implicit hints. Japanese Psychological Research, 61(2), 94–106
Öllinger, M., & Müller, A. (2017). Search and Coherence-Building in Intuition and Insight Problem Solving. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00827.
Pepperberg, I. M. (2015). Creativity and Innovation in the Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus). In A. B. Kaufman & J. C. Kaufman (Eds.), Animal Creativity and Innovation (pp. 3–25). London: Elsevier Academic Press.
Preiszner, B., Papp, S., Pipoly, I., Seress, G., Vincze, E., Liker, A., & Bókony, V. (2016). Problem-solving performance and reproductive success of great tits in urban and forest habitats. Animal Cognition, 20(1), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-016-1008-z.
Quinn, J. L., Cole, E. F., Reed, T. E., & Morand-Ferron, J. (2016). Environmental and genetic determinants of innovativeness in a natural population of birds. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society B, 371. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0184.
Ramsey, G., Bastian, M. L., & Schaik, C. (2007). Animal Innovation defined and operationalized. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30, 393–437.
Reader, S. M., Morand-Ferron, J., & Flynn, E. (2016). Animal and human innovation: novel problems and novel solutions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1690), 20150182. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0182.
Renner, E., Abramo, A. M., Hambright, K., & Phillips, K. A. (2017). Insightful problem solving and emulation in brown capuchin apes. Animal Cognition. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-017-1080-z.
Ruprecht, C. M., Taylor, C. D., Wolf, J. E., & Leising, K. J. (2014). Task complexity modifies the search strategy of rats. Behavioral and Brain Research, 258, 208–217.
Rymer, T. L., Pillay, N., & Schradin, C. (2013). Extinction or Survival? Behavioral Flexibility in Response to Environmental Change in the African Striped Mouse Rhabdomys. Sustainability, 5, 163–186.
Sandkühler, S., & Bhattacharya, J. (2008). Deconstructing Insight: EEG Correlates of Insightful Problem Solving. PLoS ONE, 3(1), e1459. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001459.
Santos, D. G. (2017). Efeitos da Topografia da Resposta sobre a Resolução de Problemas do Tipo Insight em Ratos. Belém: Dissertação de Mestrado. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Teoria e Pesquisa do Comportamento.
Schooler, J. W., Ohlsson, S., & Brooks, K. (1993). Thoughts beyond words: When language overshadows insight. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 166–183.
Schunn, C. D., & Dunbar, K. (1996). Priming, analogy, and awareness in complex reasoning. Memory & Cognition, 24(3), 271–284.
Shettleworth, S. J. (2012). Do Animals Have Insight, and What Is Insight Anyway? Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66(4), 217–226.
Sio, U. N., & Ormerod, T. C. (2009). Does incubation enhance problem solving? A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(1), 94–120.
Skinner, B. F. (1938). The Behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis. New York: Apple Century-Crofts.
Skinner, B. F. (1969). Contingencies of Reinforcement: A Theoretical Analysis. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
Skinner, B. F. (1984). An operant analysis of problem solving. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7(4), 583–591. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00027412.
Sterelny, K. (2016). Adaptable individuals and innovative lineages. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 371. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0196.
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1996). Investing in creativity. American Psychologist, 51(7), 677–688
Strickland, B. R. (1989). Internal-External Control Expectancies: From Contingency to Creativity. American Psychologist, 44, 1–12.
Taylor, A. H., Medina, F. S., Holzhaider, J. C., Hearne, L. J., Hunt, G. R., Gray, R. D., & Allen, C. (2010). An Investigation into the Cognition Behind Spontaneous String Pulling in New Caledonian Crows. PLoS ONE, 5(2), e9345
Thorndike, E. L. (1898). Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals. The Psychological Review: Monograph Supplements, 2(4), i–109. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0092987.
Thorpe, W. H. (1956). Learning and instinct in animals. London.: Methuen.
Timberlake, W. (2003). Is the Operant Contingency Enough for a Science. Behavior and Philosophy, 31, 1–33.
Vartanian, O. (2009). Variable attention facilitates creative problem solving. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 3(1), 57–59.
Webb, M. E., Little, D. R., & Cropper, S. J. (2016). Insight is not in the problem: investigating insight in problem solving across task types. Frontiers in Psychology, 7
Wild, S., Hoppitt, W. J. E., Allen, S. J., & Krutzen, M. (2020). Integrating Genetic, Environmental, and Social Networks to Reveal Transmission Pathways of a Dolphin Foraging Innovation. Current Biology, 30(15), 3024–3030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.069.
Wong, B. B. M., & Candolin, U. (2015). Behavioral responses to changing. Behavioral Ecology (2015), 26(3), 665–673. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru183.
Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 1–26.
Wright, T. F., Eberhard, J. R., Hobson, E. A., Avery, M. L., & Russello, M. A. (2010). Behavioral flexibility and species invasions: the adaptive flexibility hypothesis. Ethology, Ecology & Evolution, 22, 394–404.
Zandberg, L., Quinn, J. L., Naguib, M., & Oers, K. (2017). Personality-dependent differences in problem-solving performance in a social context reflect foraging strategies. Behavioral Processes, 134, 95–102.
Funding
This research was partially funded by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Develoment (CNPq-Brazil, number 142215/2016-3), and Coordination for the Improvement of Personal of Higher Education (CAPES-Brazil, 88887.469044/2019-00).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
Research Involving Human Participants and/or animals
Not applicable.
Informed Consent
Not applicable.
Conflict of Interest
The first author declares that he has no conflict of interest. The second author declares that she has no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Santana, L.H., Garcia-Mijares, M. Animal Creativity as a Function of Behavioral Innovation and Behavior Flexibility in Problem-solving Situations. Integr. psych. behav. 56, 218–233 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-020-09586-5
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-020-09586-5