Abstract
In the present study, two new classes of convex functions are established with the aid of Raina’s function, which is known as the ψ-s-convex and ψ-quasi-convex functions. As a result, some refinements of the Hermite–Hadamard (
1 Introduction
Let
holds for all
Convex functions have potential applications in many intriguing and captivating fields of research and furthermore played a remarkable role in numerous areas, such as coding theory, optimization, physics, information theory, engineering and inequality theory. Several new classes of classical convexity have been proposed in the literature, see refs [1,2]. Many researchers endeavored, attempted and maintained their work on the concept of convex functions and generalized its variant forms in different ways using innovative ideas and fruitful techniques [3,4]. Many mathematicians always kept continually hardworkingin the field of inequalities and have collaborated with different ideas and concepts in the theory of inequalities and its applications, see refs [5,6, 7,8,9, 10,11,12, 13,14]. Many inequalities are proved for convex functions, but the most known from the related literature is the Hermite–Hadamard inequality.
Let
The inequality (1.1) is a well-known paramount in the related literature and plays its pivotal role in optimization, coding and fractional calculus theory [15,16,17, 18,19,20, 21,22,23, 24,25].
Many studies have recently been carried out in the field of q-analysis [26,27,28, 29,30,31, 32,33,34,39], starting with Euler owing to an extraordinary demand for mathematics that models quantum figuring q-calculus performed as an association between mathematics and physics. Several mathematical areas have been correlated with quantum calculus such as fractional diffusion equations, special theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, orthogonal polynomials and henceforth. The mathematical description of a quantum system typically takes the form of a “wavefunction,” generally represented in equations by the Greek letter psi: ψ. Apparently, Euler was the founder of this branch of mathematics, by using the parameter q in Newton’s work of infinite series. Later, Jackson was the first to develop q-calculus that is known without limits calculus in a systematic way [36]. In 1908–1909, Jackson defined the general q-integral and q-difference operator [35]. In 1969, Agarwal described the q-fractional derivative for the first time [37]. In 1966–1967, Al-Salam introduced q-analogs of the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral operator and q-fractional integral operator [38]. In 2004, Rajkovic gave a definition of the Riemann-type q-integral which was the generalization of Jackson q-integral. In 2013, Tariboon introduced
Inspired by the aforementioned literature on the improvement of the correlation of quantum calculus and convexity theory, we addressed the notion of generalized ψ-s-convex functions and generalized ψ-quasi-convex functions. Taking into consideration, a q-integral identity, we derived some new estimates of Hermite–Hadamard inequalities for twice differentiable functions via the aforesaid classes of generalized ψ-convex functions. Relevant connections of the several consequences demonstrated here with those associating relatively some well-known classical convex functions are also apprehended.
2 Preliminaries
First, suppose there is an arbitrary non-negative function
In ref. [40], R. K. Raina explored a new class of functions stated as:
where
is a bounded sequence of positive real numbers. Note that if we choose υ 1 = 1, υ 2 = 0 in (2.1), then
where δ 1, δ 2 and δ 3 are parameters which can choose arbitrary real and complex values (provided that δ 3 ≠ 0, −1, −2, …,) and we have the notion (b) m by
then the classical hypergeometric function is stated as follows:
Also, if ϑ = (1, 1,…) with ς = δ, (ℜ(δ) > 0), ϑ = 1 and restricting its domain to
Next, we evoke a novel concept of set and mappings including Raina’s functions.
Definition 2.1
[41] A non-empty set
for all
We now define the generalized ψ-convex function presented by Vivas-Cortez et al. [41].
Definition 2.2
[41] Let a set
Next, we present another idea of generalized ψ-convex functions for an arbitrary nonnegative function ℏ.
Definition 2.3
Let
Furthermore, we demonstrate a new class of generalized ψ-convex functions with respect to an arbitrary non-negative function is known as the generalized ψ-s-convex function.
Definition 2.4
Let s ∈ (0, 1] and a mapping
Definition 2.5
Let a function
It is obvious that any generalized ψ-convex function is a generalized ψ-quasi-convex function but converse may not be true.
In this section, we first evoke certain earlier famous notions on q-calculus that will be helpful throughout the investigation.
Consider an interval
Definition 2.6
[42] Let a continuous mapping
We say that
Definition 2.7
[42] Let a continuous mapping
Definition 2.8
[42] Let a continuous mapping
for
It is observed that if η 1 = 0, then we have the classical q-integral, which is stated as
Theorem 2.1
[42] Let two continuous functions
Additionally, we propose the q-analogues of η
1 and
Definition 2.9
[43] For any real number η 1,
is known as the q-analogue of η
1. Specifically, if
Definition 2.10
[43] If n is an integer, the q-analogue of
Definition 2.11
For any ξ, ζ > 0,
is called the q-beta function. It is observe that
where [ξ] is the q-analogue of ξ.
The succeeding lemmas will be needed in the proof of our theorems.
Lemma 2.2
Assume that
Lemma 2.3
Assume that
Lemma 2.4
Assume that
Lemma 2.5
Assume that
In ref. [44], Vivas-Cortez et al. derived the following q-integral identity for generalized ψ-convex functions.
Lemma 2.6
[44] Let υ
1, υ
2 > 0 with a bounded sequence of real numbers ϑ = (ϑ(0),…, ϑ(κ),…) and 0 < q < 1. Suppose that a continuous and twice q-differentiable function
Striving by the abovementioned work, the presentation of this paper is as follows: In Section 3, the
3 Differentiable
ℋℋ
-type inequalities for generalized ψ-s-convex functions
The main purpose of this article is to establish some variants of
Theorem 3.1
Let s ∈ (0, 1], υ
1, υ
2 > 0 with a bounded sequence of real numbers ϑ = (ϑ(0),…, ϑ(κ),…) and 0 < q < 1. Suppose that a twice q-differentiable function
Proof
Utilizing the fact that
This completes the proof of Theorem 3.5.□
Corollary 3.2
If in Theorem
3.5
letting
Theorem 3.3
Let s ∈ (0, 1], υ
1, υ
2 > 0 with a bounded sequence of real numbers ϑ = (ϑ(0),…, ϑ(κ),…) and 0 < q < 1. Suppose that a twice q-differentiable function
where
and
Proof
Utilizing the fact that
where
and
This completes the proof of Theorem 3.3.□
Corollary 3.4
If in Theorem 3.3, letting
Theorem 3.5
Let s ∈ (0, 1], υ
1, υ
2 > 0 with a bounded sequence of real numbers ϑ = (ϑ(0),…, ϑ(κ),…) and 0 < q < 1. Suppose that a twice q-differentiable function
where
and
Proof
Utilizing the fact that
Applying Lemma 2.5, we have
using the fact that
and
This completes the proof of Theorem 3.5.□
4
ℋℋ
-type inequalities for generalized ψ-quasi-convex functions
The main purpose of this article is to establish some variants of
Theorem 4.1
Let υ
1, υ
2 > 0 with a bounded sequence of real numbers ϑ = (ϑ(0),…, ϑ(κ),…) and 0 < q < 1. Suppose that a twice q-differentiable function
where
Proof
Utilizing the fact that
Applying Lemma 2.3, we have
using the fact that
This completes the proof of Theorem 4.1.□
Corollary 4.2
If α is taken to be positive integer, then under the assumption of Theorem 4.1, we have
Remark 4.1
If in Theorem 4.1 it is taken limit when q → 1 and
This coincides with Theorem 2 in ref. [45].
Theorem 4.3
Let υ
1, υ
2 > 0 with a bounded sequence of real numbers ϑ = (ϑ(0),…, ϑ(κ),…) and 0 < q < 1. Suppose that a twice q-differentiable function
where
Proof
Utilizing the fact that
Applying Lemma 2.2, we have
using the fact that
This completes the proof of Theorem 4.3.□
Corollary 4.4
If β > 1 is taken to be positive integer, then under the assumption of Theorem 4.3, we have
Remark 4.2
If in Theorem 4.1 it is taken limit when q → 1 and
This coincides with the result in ref. [1].
Theorem 4.5
Let υ
1, υ
2 > 0 with a bounded sequence of real numbers ϑ = (ϑ(0), …, ϑ(κ), …) and 0 < q < 1. Suppose that a twice q-differentiable function
where
Proof
Utilizing the fact that
Applying Lemma 2.3, we have
using the fact that
This completes the proof of Theorem 4.5.□
Corollary 4.6
If β > 1 is taken to be positive integer, then under the assumption of Theorem 4.5, we have
Remark 4.3
If in Theorem 4.1 it is taken limit when q → 1 and
This coincides with the result in ref. [45].
Theorem 4.7
Let υ
1, υ
2 > 0 with a bounded sequence of real numbers ϑ = (ϑ(0),…, ϑ(κ),…) and 0 < q < 1. Suppose that a twice q-differentiable function
where
and [β + 1] is the q-analogue of β + 1.
Proof
Utilizing the fact that
In view of Definition 2.11, we obtain
using the fact that
This completes the proof of Theorem 4.7.□
Corollary 4.8
If α > 1 is taken to be positive integer, then under the assumption of Theorem 4.5, we have
Remark 4.4
If in Theorem 4.1 it is taken limit when q → 1 and
Theorem 4.9
Let s ∈ (0, 1], υ
1, υ
2 > 0 with a bounded sequence of real numbers ϑ = (ϑ(0), …, ϑ(κ), …) and 0 < q < 1. Suppose that a twice q-differentiable function
where
and [α + 1] is the q-analogue of α + 1.
Proof
Utilizing the fact that
In view of Definition (2.11), we obtain
using the fact that
This completes the proof of Theorem 4.7.□
Corollary 4.10
If β > 1 is taken to be a positive integer, then under the assumption of Theorem 4.9, we have
Remark 4.5
If in Theorem 4.9 it is taken limit when q → 1 and
Theorem 4.11
Let s ∈ (0, 1], υ
1, υ
2 > 0 with a bounded sequence of real numbers ϑ = (ϑ(0), …, ϑ(κ), …) and 0 < q < 1. Suppose that a twice q-differentiable function
Proof
Utilizing the fact that
In view of Lemma 2.4 and using the fact that
This completes the proof of Theorem 4.11.□
Remark 4.6
If in Theorem 4.11 it is taken limit when q → 1 and
Theorem 4.12
Let s ∈ (0, 1], υ
1, υ
2 > 0 with a bounded sequence of real numbers ϑ = (ϑ(0),…, ϑ(κ),…) and 0 < q < 1. Suppose that a twice q-differentiable function
Proof
Utilizing the fact that
In view of Lemma 2.5, we obtain
This completes the proof of Theorem 4.12.□
5 Application
Specifically, in Definition 2.5 for
Proposition 5.1
In the recent research, Zhuang et al. [46] established the q-integral inequalities for quasi-convex functions, the following inequality is stated as:
where Ω1(q; ξ) is defined as in (4.2).
In the following, we present a new analogous to inequality (4.1), which can be obtained directly by choosing q ↦ 1− in Theorem 4.1.
Corollary 5.1
Let υ
1, υ
2 > 0 with a bounded sequence of real numbers ϑ = (ϑ(0),…, ϑ(κ),…) and 0 < q < 1. Suppose that a twice differentiable function
Proposition 5.2
In ref. [46], Zhuang et al. derived another q-integral inequality for quasi-convex functions, the following inequality is stated as:
Corollary 5.2
Let υ
1, υ
2 > 0 with a bounded sequence of real numbers ϑ = (ϑ(0),…, ϑ(κ),…) and 0 < q < 1. Suppose that a twice differentiable function
6 Conclusion
Recently, trapezoid-type inequalities have a significant contribution to the improvements of all areas of mathematical sciences. It has momentous investigations in the variability of applied analysis, for example, coding theory, geometric function theory, fractional calculus, impulsive diffusion equations and numerical analysis. Recently, several researchers have explored new
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to the referee and Editor.
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Availability of supporting data: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Disclosure: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61673169).
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Author contributions: All authors contributed equally to the writing of this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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