Abstract
This paper presents a novel virtual array for FANETs wireless links at the frequency of 2.4 GHz. The proposed design considers a 3D random topology for eight nodes of a FANET. The main novelty is that each node is now composed of a rectangular patch antenna mounted on a realistic aircraft structure. This permits us to have a more precise performance of the radiation pattern. The optimum node locations compensate for the interference caused by the aircraft structures. The design problem is formulated to optimize the node locations by utilizing the Differential Evolution method for Multi-objective Optimization. Simulation results are provided in directivity and sidelobe level and compared concerning the most common antenna arrays topologies such as linear, circular, rectangular, and cubic array. The maximum aperture size of the virtual array is 20λ for providing a directivity value of 13.6 dBi with a side lobe level of 7.82dBi.
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Abbreviations
- NA:
-
Number of nodes
- P(θ,φ):
-
Radiation pattern
- Gn(θ,φ):
-
Element pattern
- k:
-
Number of wave
- xn, yn, zn :
-
Node location coordinates
- λ:
-
Wavelength
- ε r :
-
Permitivity
- Ls :
-
38 mm
- Ws :
-
44.06 mm
- Lc :
-
28.4 mm
- Wc :
-
37.02 mm
- Hc :
-
2.88 mm
- C1 :
-
1 mm
- Db :
-
196.98 mm
- Dc :
-
58.37 mm
- S 11 :
-
Reflection coefficient
- Q :
-
Desition variables matrix
- q m :
-
Mth individual
- xm n, ym n, zm n :
-
Node location coordinates from the mth individual
- SLLmin :
-
Side lobe level
- D:
-
Directivity
- qa, qb, qc :
-
Selected individuals
- qnew :
-
New individual candidate
- qnew1 :
-
New individual candidate after crossover
- qnew2 :
-
New individual candidate after crossover
- F:
-
Scaling factor of 0.5
- prb:
-
Crossover probability
- mut:
-
Mutation probability
- Smin :
-
Minimum spacing among nodes
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Reyna, A., Garza, J.C., Elizarraras, O. et al. 3D random virtual antenna arrays for FANETs wireless links. Telecommun Syst 77, 469–477 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-021-00774-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-021-00774-1