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Hybrid convolutional neural network architecture driven by residual features for steganalysis of spatial steganographic algorithms

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Abstract

The goal of steganalysis is to unearth a concealed message hidden inside an innocent carrier by steganography. Steganography in the hands of unlawful people can pose a great threat to society. Secret message is embedded as a noise (residue) which silently disrupts the statistical nature of the carrier without visual transformation. For the purpose of unearthing covert communication, modeling this noise (residue) is a crucial factor. In this paper, a hybrid deep learning framework is proposed with convolutional neural network (CNN) to emphasize the need for residual based investigation for digital image steganalysis. In order to model the noise residuals, five types of handcrafted features are extracted, in which the first four types rely on acquiring noise residuals based on filtering by linear and nonlinear filters, and the fifth type relies on residual acquisition method based on Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD). The extracted features are categorized using a robust CNN with a new parallel architecture that is capable of learning intricate details from input features to classify it as cover or stego. Mostly CNNs are trained with raw images, but in the proposed method, the 1-dimensional residual features are stacked into 2-dimensional grid and are then used to train the CNN. Three spatial content-adaptive and four spatial non-content-adaptive algorithms are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed architecture. The experimental results show the versatility and robustness of the proposed hybrid architecture towards these algorithms when compared to existing state-of-the-art steganalytic methods. A practical issue prevalent in deploying steganalysis in real-world is ‘mismatch scenario,’ and based on the experimentation done in this paper, the proposed architecture performs well under stego algorithm mismatch and payload mismatch scenarios.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank ER & IPR—DRDO New Delhi, Management and Principal of Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi for providing the necessary facilities and support to carry out this research work. The authors would like to express their gratitude to the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions.

Funding

The work presented in this paper was funded by Directorate of Extramural Research & Intellectual Property Rights (ER & IPR), Defence Research Development Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Government of India under Grant No. ERIP/ER/201702007/M/01/1733. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied of Indian Government.

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  1. Centre for Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, 626005, Tamilnadu, India

    S. Arivazhagan, E. Amrutha, W. Sylvia Lilly Jebarani & S. T. Veena

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  1. S. Arivazhagan
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  2. E. Amrutha
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  3. W. Sylvia Lilly Jebarani
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  4. S. T. Veena
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Correspondence to E. Amrutha.

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Appendix 1

Appendix 1

See Appendix Tables 7, 8.

Table 6 Test accuracy obtained for multiclass classification of content-adaptive algorithms and non-content-adaptive algorithms by the proposed hybrid steganalysis framework
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Table 7 Confusion matrix obtained for active steganalysis of content-adaptive steganographic algorithms by proposed hybrid steganalysis framework
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Table 8 Confusion matrix obtained for active steganalysis of non-content-adaptive steganographic algorithms by proposed hybrid steganalysis framework
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Arivazhagan, S., Amrutha, E., Sylvia Lilly Jebarani, W. et al. Hybrid convolutional neural network architecture driven by residual features for steganalysis of spatial steganographic algorithms. Neural Comput & Applic 33, 11465–11485 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-05837-7

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