Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-gtxcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-20T03:20:39.174Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Pie laika … Now is the time. The singing revolution on Latvian radio and television

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 August 2020

Pekka Gronow
Affiliation:
Adjunct professor of ethnomusicology (emeritus), University of Helsinki, Dept. Of musicology
Jānis Daugavietis
Affiliation:
Researcher, Dept. of Theatre, Music and Cinema Art, Institute of Literature, Folklore and Art, University of Latvia

Abstract

In the Soviet Union, song competitions had an important role in presenting new artists and songs. The Mikrofona aptauja contest of Latvian radio (1968–1994) was the main forum for new Latvian pop music. It had a reputation for expressing nationalist feelings within the limits of Soviet censorship. In 1988, with the rise of new political movements in the Soviet Union, the competition became a venue for the Latvian independence movement. The winning song of 1988 was a demand for ‘freedom to the fatherland’. The competition also played a part in the rehabilitation of pre-war popular music which had been forbidden in Soviet Latvia. The paper discusses the role of journalists, politicians and songwriters in this process. After the privatisation of the economy, the song competition was taken over by private entrepreneurs, as public interest in political songs waned.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Mikrofons final concerts 1987; 1988; 1989, DVD recordings, LTVGoogle Scholar
Guļevska, L. 13 February 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1172781CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johansons, P. 10 April 2018. Interviewed by P. Gronow [e-mail interview]Google Scholar
Kronbergs, J. (2018, March 23). Interviewed by P. Gronow [e-mail interview]Google Scholar
Kruks, S. 20 August 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1400503CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latkovskis, I. 21 March 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1209455CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazvērsīte, D. 20 February 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]Google Scholar
Mīlgrāve, E. 19 April 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]Google Scholar
Rākins, I. 10 April 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]Google Scholar
Vahšteins, K. 19 April 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [e-mail interview]Google Scholar
Venens, G. 26 March 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1545229CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zālīte, M. 28 February 2019. Interviewed by P. Gronow [personal interview]Google Scholar
Aganbegyan, A.G., and Timofeev, T.T. 1988. The New Stage of Perestroika (New York, Institute for East-West Studies)Google Scholar
Akuratere, I., Aizpuriete, A., and Mazvērsīte, D. 2007. Manai tautai – Ieva Akuratere (Rīga, Pētergailis)Google Scholar
Auziņa, T., Mazvērsīte, D., Landorfa, S., et al. 2000. Tikai tā! Mūzikas un mākslas festivāls 15 gados. Bildes (Rīga, REMIX mūzikas menedžments)Google Scholar
Bērtiņš, A.G. 2017. Latviešu skaņuplašu vēsture, 2nd edn, ed. Mazvērsīte, D. (Rīga, Vesta-LK)Google Scholar
Bērziņš, I. 2010. ‘LTV raidījums “Videoritmi” (1984–1987) – bezcenzūras laikmeta televīzijas priekšvēstnesis’, in Laiku atšalkas: Žurnālistika, kino, politika: asociētā profesora Ābrama Kleckina jubilejas iedvesmots krājums, ed, Proskurova, O. (Rīga, LU SPPI), pp. 172–6Google Scholar
Bohlman, P.V. 2008. Focus: Music, Nationalism, and the Making of the New Europe (New York, Routledge)Google Scholar
Brikše, I. 2005. ‘Publiskās sfēras demokratizācijas iespējas: perestroikas un glastnostj aspekts Latvijā (1985–1990)’ [‘Opportunities to democratise the public sphere: Aspects of Perestroika and Glasnostj in Latvia (1985–1990)’], Komunikācija: Kultūras un vēstures diskurss, 683, pp. 192209Google Scholar
Čaklais, M. 1998. Im Ka: Imants Kalniņš laikā un telpā (Rīga, Jumava)Google Scholar
Danilāns, L., and Jegorova, V. (eds) 1990. Mikrofons ’ 90: [Progr.] (Rīga, Firma ‘Showimpex’)Google Scholar
Daugavietis, J. 2008. ‘Padomju Latvijas mūzikas socioloģija’, LU Raksti, Socioloģija (Socioloģijai Latvijā-40), 736, pp. 5284Google Scholar
Ekmanis, R. 1998. ‘Some notes on Vizma Belševica’, World Literature Today, 72/2, pp. 287–9610.2307/40153763CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fomins, R. 2016. ‘Interview on Atmoda and song “Pie laika …”’ [video] (Rīga, RMM)Google Scholar
Garrard, J.G., and Garrard, C. 1990. Inside the Soviet Writers Union (London, IB Tauris)Google Scholar
Garšnek, I. 2011. ‘Eesti heliplaat 110 [110 years of Estonian vinyl records]’, in Eesti vinüülplaatide diskograafia 1954–2010 [Discography of Estonian Vinyl Records 1954–2010], ed. Riisalu, K., Koha, M., Tüür, R. and Lepik, N. (Tallinn, Eesti rahvusraamatukogu), pp. 517. https://issuu.com/mailetali/docs/vinyylikataloog_osaGoogle Scholar
Graf, M. 2008. Kalevipoja kojutulek: 1978. aasta poliitilisest pööripäevast 1988. aasta suveräänsusdeklaratsioonini (Tallinn, Argo)Google Scholar
Grinberga, A. 1989, January 16. ‘Ar Rīgas svārkiem ciemos Rīgā Rietumnieki “Mikrofons 88” koncertā’, in Brīvā Latvija: Apvienotā ‘Londonas Avīze’ un ‘Latvija’ (London), p. 8Google Scholar
Gronow, P. 2019. ‘Mikrofona aptauja. Conformists and dissidents in a Latvian song competition, 1968–1994’, in Popular Music in Communist and Post-Communist Europe, Blüml, J., Kajanová, Y. and Ritter, R. (Berlin, Peter Lang)Google Scholar
Gronow, P., and Saunio, I. 1999. An International History of the Recording Industry (London, Cassell)Google Scholar
Guļevska, L., and Jākobsons, G. 2017. Tikai dziesma nenosalst: ‘Mikrofons’ – Latvijas fenomens (Rīga, Latvijas Mediji)Google Scholar
Høyer, S., Lauk, E., and Vihalemm, P. (eds). 1993. Towards a Civic Society: the Baltic Medias Long Road to Freedom: Perspectives on History, Ethnicity and Journalism (Tartu, Baltic Association for Media Research: Nota Baltica)Google Scholar
Jākobsons, G. 2017.; No mikrofona līdz “MIKROFONAM”’, in Tikai dziesma nenosalst: ‘Mikrofons’ – Latvijas fenomens, ed. Jākobsons, G. and Guļevska, L. (Rīga, Latvijas Mediji), pp. 1040Google Scholar
Kārkliņa, R. 1994. Ethnopolitics and Transition to Democracy: the Collapse of the USSR and Latvia (Washington, DC, Woodrow Wilson Center Press/Johns Hopkins University Press)Google Scholar
Keldysh, I.V. (ed.). (1973–1982). Entries on ‘Melodiya’ (III:529–30), ‘Studiia gramzapisi’ (V:339–41), ‘Soiuz Kompozitorov SSSR’ (V:232–3) and ‘Filarmoniia’ (V:806–7), in Muzykal'naya entsiklopediya (Vols 1–6) (Moscow, Sovetskaia entsiklopediia).Google Scholar
Kruk, S., and Chakars, J. 2010. ‘Agency, awakening, and the audiovisual: developments in late Soviet Latvian broadcasting’, Central European Journal of Communication, 1/3, pp. 5365Google Scholar
Latvian Television. 2018a. Latvijas Radio raidījums ‘Mikrofons (Rīga). https://ltv.lsm.lv/lv/raksts/25.02.2018-nacionalie-dargumi.100-g-kulturas.-latvijas-radio-raidijums-mikr.id122924/ (accessed 2 June 2018)Google Scholar
Latvian Television. 2018b. Nacionālie dārgumi.100 g kultūras. Rokopera ‘Lāčplēsis (Rīga). https://replay.lsm.lv/lv/ieraksts/ltv/143808/nacionalie-dargumi100-g-kulturas-rokopera-lacplesisGoogle Scholar
Lieven, A. 1993. The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence (New Haven, CT, Yale University Press)Google Scholar
Loader, M. 2017. ‘The death of “Socialism with a Latvian Face”: the purge of the Latvian national communists, July 1959–1962’, Journal of Baltic Studies, 48/2, pp. 161–8110.1080/01629778.2016.1244771CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Löhmus, M. 2002. Transformation of Public Text in Totalitarian System: A Socio-semiotic Study of Soviet Censorship Practices in Estonian Radio in the 1980s. Turun Yliopisto, Turku. http://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/24460Google Scholar
LVA-1184-10-7566. 1988a. [‘Mikrofons-88’ transcript]. Latvian State Archive, p. 11Google Scholar
LVA-1184-10-7566. 1988b. [‘Mikrofons-88’ transcript]. Latvian State Archive, p. 73Google Scholar
LVA-1184-10-7566. 1988c. [‘Mikrofons-88’ transcript]. Latvian State Archive, pp.98–9Google Scholar
LVA-1184-11-26. 1979. [Latvijas PSR Valsts televīzijas un radioraidījumu komiteja. Vadība.Kolēģijas sēžu protokoli ar pielikumiem. 2.sēj]. Latvian State Archive, pp. 105–7Google Scholar
LVA-1184-11-47. 1980. [Latvijas PSR Valsts televīzijas un radioraidījumu komiteja. Vadība.Kolēģijas sēžu protokoli ar pielikumiem. 2.sēj]. Latvian State Archive, , pp. 68–71Google Scholar
MacFadyen, D. 2001. Red Stars: Personality and the Soviet Popular Song, 1955–1991 (Montreal, McGill–Queen's University Press)Google Scholar
Martinelli, D. 2017. Give Peace a Chant (Online edition) (Berlin, Springer)10.1007/978-3-319-50538-1Google Scholar
Mazvērsīte, D. 2006. Raimonds Pauls: pieskāriens: Raimonds Pauls un latviešu mūzikas kultūra (Rīga, Madris)Google Scholar
Mazvērsīte, D. 2014. ‘Album notes (2 CDs, DVD and booklet)’, in Various – Mikrofona Aptauja 1968–1994. Latviešu Dziesmu Stāsts (Rīga, Mikrofona Ieraksti)Google Scholar
Mazvērsīte, D. 2015. Uldis Stabulnieks. Tik un tā (Rīga, Lauku Avīze)Google Scholar
Melodiya 1988. ‘V tsentral'nom komitete KPSS’, Informatsionnyi Illiustrirovannyi Zhurnal o Gramzapisi, 4, p. 2Google Scholar
‘“Mikrofonam” 50’. 2015, 15 March. Reiz Radio (Rīga, Latvijas Radio 1). http://lr1.lsm.lv/lv/raksts/reiz-radio/mikrofonam-50.a49593/Google Scholar
‘“Mikrofons” cauri laikiem’. 2017, 1 November. Īstenības izteiksme (Riga, Latvijas Radio 1). https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/kultura/kulturtelpa/mikrofons-cauri-laikiem.a255740/Google Scholar
‘Mikrofons’88. Sākusies aptauja!’. 1988, 5 September. Rīgas Viļņi (Rīga), p. 5Google Scholar
Museum of the Occupation of Latvia. 2010. Es un brīvība (Atbalsta materiāls Latvijas neatkarības atjaunošanas piemiņai veltītu pasākumu rīkošanai skolās) (Rīga). http://okupacijasmuzejs.lv/files/EuB_metodika.pdf (accessed 15 May 2018)Google Scholar
Paasilinna, R. 1995. Glasnost and Soviet Television: a Study of the Soviet Mass Media and its Role in Society from 1985–1991. Research Report 5/1995 (Helsinki, YLE, Finnish Broadcasting Co.)Google Scholar
Pabērza, I. 1998. Menuets savējiem – kas bija, ir un būs (Rīga)Google Scholar
Papēdis, M. 2015. Remix … pie Laika (Rīga, Upett)Google Scholar
Procevska, O. 2007a. Populārās mūzikas diskursi Padomju Latvijas perestroikas laika publiskajā telpā, BA thesis, Latvijas Universitāte, Rīga. Retrieved from http://dspace.lu.lv/dspace/handle/7/20798Google Scholar
Procevska, O. 2007b. ‘The structure of meaning in Soviet popular music: the “Microphone survey” (Mikrofona aptauja) as an example’, Domino, 4, pp. 154–74Google Scholar
Procevska, O. 2010. ‘Politika, mūzika un cilvēki: perestroikas laika Padomju Latvijas populāru dziesmu semiotika’, in Proskurova, O. (ed.), Laiku atšalkas: Žurnālistika, kino, politika: asociētā profesora Ābrama Kleckina jubilejas iedvesmots krājums, pp. 177–87 (Rīga, LU SPPI)Google Scholar
Procevska, O. 2015. Latvijas publiskie intelektuāļi perestroikas un atmodas laikā: identitāšu konstruēšana un publiskie diskursi (1986–1992), PhD thesis, Latvijas Universitāte,Rīga. http://dspace.lu.lv/dspace/handle/7/5276Google Scholar
Rasa, I. 2008. Latviešu sabiedrības kultūraktivitātes (1800–1991) (Rīga, RaKa)Google Scholar
Remess, A., and Peters, J. 2010. Maestro. Raimonds Pauls (Rīga, Jumava)Google Scholar
Rinne, H. 2008. Laulev revolutsioon: Eesti rokipõlvkonna ime (Tallinn, Varrak)Google Scholar
Rokopera ‘Lāčplēsis’ (1988) – kultūras manifestācija un sociāli politiska izpausme, 30 November 2017. Latvijas Radio 3 Klasika (Rīga). http://klasika.lsm.lv/lv/raksts/100-latvijas-pirmizrades/rokopera-lacplesis-1988--kulturas-manifestacija-un-sociali-polit.a95954/Google Scholar
Rotgalvis, E. 2017. Rokmūzikas diskurss jauniešu izdevumos ‘Liesma’ un ‘Padomju Jaunatne’ 1988. un 1989. Gadā, BA thesis, Latvijas Universitāte, Rīga. http://dspace.lu.lv/dspace/handle/7/36988Google Scholar
Ruks, M. 2015. No zemes un debesīm Pērkons (Rīga, Antava)Google Scholar
Savchenko, B.A. 1998. Kumiry rossiiskoi estrady: Ros. pesen. estrada KhKh v. ot A do Ia: Sprav (Moscow, Panorama)Google Scholar
Šein, H. 2005. Suur teleraamat: 50 aastat televisiooni Eestis 1955–2005 (Tallinn, TEA Kirjastus)Google Scholar
Šmidchens, G. 2014. The Power of Song: Nonviolent National Culture in the Baltic Singing Revolution (Seattle, WA, University of Washington Press)Google Scholar
Smith, G. 1996. The Nationalities Question in the post-Soviet States (Harlow, Longman)Google Scholar
Stites, R. 1992. Russian Popular Culture: Entertainment and Society since 1900 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)Google Scholar
Strods, H. 2010. PSRS politiskā cenzūra Latvijā, 1940–1990 (Rīga, Jumava)Google Scholar
Trapāns, J.A. (ed.) 1991. Toward Independence: the Baltic Popular Movements (Boulder, CO, Westview Press)Google Scholar
Troitsky, A. 1987. Back in the USSR: the True Story of Rock in Russia (London, Omnibus Press)Google Scholar
Vāvere, K., and Neimane, S. 1997. Līvi (Rīga, Tandems-A)Google Scholar
Ieva Akurātere, ‘Manai tautai’. Ieva Akurātere. Melodiya C60 28197 009. 1989Google Scholar
Lāčplēsis – 1–3. Melodiya С60 29341 009, С60 29343 009, С60 29345 009. 1990Google Scholar
Mikrofons – 80. Melodiya С60-15601-2. 1981Google Scholar
Mikrofons – 81. 1–2. Melodiya C60-18275-6, C60-18277-8. 1982Google Scholar
Mikrofons – 82. Melodiya С60 19689 005. 1983Google Scholar
Mikrofons – 84. Melodiya C60 23303 000. 1985Google Scholar
Mikrofons – 86. Melodiya C60 25223 007. 1987Google Scholar
Mikrofons – 87. Melodiya С60 26731 000. 1987Google Scholar
Mikrofons – 88. Melodiya С60 28199 003. 1988Google Scholar
Mikrofons – 89. Melodiya С60 29483 004. 1989Google Scholar
Mikrofona Rok-Aptauja – 90. Melodiya C60 31079 007. 1990Google Scholar
Mikrofona Ratiņa Aptauja – 90. Melodiya С60 31077 002. 1990Google Scholar
Mikrofons – 91. Rokaptaujas Dziesmas. Ri-Tonis 3-048-C-6. 1991Google Scholar
Mikrofona Aptauja – 91. Vecais Ratiņš. Ri-Tonis 3-047-C-6. 1991Google Scholar
Alla Pugacheva, ‘Million Roz’. Melodiya C62-18531-32. 1982Google Scholar
Remix. Pie laika. Melodiya C60 29713 006. 1990Google Scholar
Uldis Stabulnieks. Tik Un Tā (Estrādes Dziesmas). Melodiya С60 22823 006. 1985Google Scholar
Zodiac, Disco Alliance. Melodiya C60-13771-2. 1980Google Scholar
Various, Mikrofona Aptauja 1968–1994. Latviešu Dziesmu Stāsts. Mikrofona Ieraksti MRCDK040 MRCDK041 MRCDK042. 2014Google Scholar
Various, Vēl ir laiks. KGB F 668 842. 1984Google Scholar
Mikrofons final concerts 1987; 1988; 1989, DVD recordings, LTVGoogle Scholar
Guļevska, L. 13 February 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1172781CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johansons, P. 10 April 2018. Interviewed by P. Gronow [e-mail interview]Google Scholar
Kronbergs, J. (2018, March 23). Interviewed by P. Gronow [e-mail interview]Google Scholar
Kruks, S. 20 August 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1400503CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latkovskis, I. 21 March 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1209455CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazvērsīte, D. 20 February 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]Google Scholar
Mīlgrāve, E. 19 April 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]Google Scholar
Rākins, I. 10 April 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]Google Scholar
Vahšteins, K. 19 April 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [e-mail interview]Google Scholar
Venens, G. 26 March 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1545229CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zālīte, M. 28 February 2019. Interviewed by P. Gronow [personal interview]Google Scholar
Guļevska, L. 13 February 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1172781CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johansons, P. 10 April 2018. Interviewed by P. Gronow [e-mail interview]Google Scholar
Kronbergs, J. (2018, March 23). Interviewed by P. Gronow [e-mail interview]Google Scholar
Kruks, S. 20 August 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1400503CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latkovskis, I. 21 March 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1209455CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazvērsīte, D. 20 February 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]Google Scholar
Mīlgrāve, E. 19 April 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]Google Scholar
Rākins, I. 10 April 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]Google Scholar
Vahšteins, K. 19 April 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [e-mail interview]Google Scholar
Venens, G. 26 March 2018. Interviewed by J. Daugavietis [personal interview]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1545229CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zālīte, M. 28 February 2019. Interviewed by P. Gronow [personal interview]Google Scholar
Aganbegyan, A.G., and Timofeev, T.T. 1988. The New Stage of Perestroika (New York, Institute for East-West Studies)Google Scholar
Akuratere, I., Aizpuriete, A., and Mazvērsīte, D. 2007. Manai tautai – Ieva Akuratere (Rīga, Pētergailis)Google Scholar
Auziņa, T., Mazvērsīte, D., Landorfa, S., et al. 2000. Tikai tā! Mūzikas un mākslas festivāls 15 gados. Bildes (Rīga, REMIX mūzikas menedžments)Google Scholar
Bērtiņš, A.G. 2017. Latviešu skaņuplašu vēsture, 2nd edn, ed. Mazvērsīte, D. (Rīga, Vesta-LK)Google Scholar
Bērziņš, I. 2010. ‘LTV raidījums “Videoritmi” (1984–1987) – bezcenzūras laikmeta televīzijas priekšvēstnesis’, in Laiku atšalkas: Žurnālistika, kino, politika: asociētā profesora Ābrama Kleckina jubilejas iedvesmots krājums, ed, Proskurova, O. (Rīga, LU SPPI), pp. 172–6Google Scholar
Bohlman, P.V. 2008. Focus: Music, Nationalism, and the Making of the New Europe (New York, Routledge)Google Scholar
Brikše, I. 2005. ‘Publiskās sfēras demokratizācijas iespējas: perestroikas un glastnostj aspekts Latvijā (1985–1990)’ [‘Opportunities to democratise the public sphere: Aspects of Perestroika and Glasnostj in Latvia (1985–1990)’], Komunikācija: Kultūras un vēstures diskurss, 683, pp. 192209Google Scholar
Čaklais, M. 1998. Im Ka: Imants Kalniņš laikā un telpā (Rīga, Jumava)Google Scholar
Danilāns, L., and Jegorova, V. (eds) 1990. Mikrofons ’ 90: [Progr.] (Rīga, Firma ‘Showimpex’)Google Scholar
Daugavietis, J. 2008. ‘Padomju Latvijas mūzikas socioloģija’, LU Raksti, Socioloģija (Socioloģijai Latvijā-40), 736, pp. 5284Google Scholar
Ekmanis, R. 1998. ‘Some notes on Vizma Belševica’, World Literature Today, 72/2, pp. 287–9610.2307/40153763CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fomins, R. 2016. ‘Interview on Atmoda and song “Pie laika …”’ [video] (Rīga, RMM)Google Scholar
Garrard, J.G., and Garrard, C. 1990. Inside the Soviet Writers Union (London, IB Tauris)Google Scholar
Garšnek, I. 2011. ‘Eesti heliplaat 110 [110 years of Estonian vinyl records]’, in Eesti vinüülplaatide diskograafia 1954–2010 [Discography of Estonian Vinyl Records 1954–2010], ed. Riisalu, K., Koha, M., Tüür, R. and Lepik, N. (Tallinn, Eesti rahvusraamatukogu), pp. 517. https://issuu.com/mailetali/docs/vinyylikataloog_osaGoogle Scholar
Graf, M. 2008. Kalevipoja kojutulek: 1978. aasta poliitilisest pööripäevast 1988. aasta suveräänsusdeklaratsioonini (Tallinn, Argo)Google Scholar
Grinberga, A. 1989, January 16. ‘Ar Rīgas svārkiem ciemos Rīgā Rietumnieki “Mikrofons 88” koncertā’, in Brīvā Latvija: Apvienotā ‘Londonas Avīze’ un ‘Latvija’ (London), p. 8Google Scholar
Gronow, P. 2019. ‘Mikrofona aptauja. Conformists and dissidents in a Latvian song competition, 1968–1994’, in Popular Music in Communist and Post-Communist Europe, Blüml, J., Kajanová, Y. and Ritter, R. (Berlin, Peter Lang)Google Scholar
Gronow, P., and Saunio, I. 1999. An International History of the Recording Industry (London, Cassell)Google Scholar
Guļevska, L., and Jākobsons, G. 2017. Tikai dziesma nenosalst: ‘Mikrofons’ – Latvijas fenomens (Rīga, Latvijas Mediji)Google Scholar
Høyer, S., Lauk, E., and Vihalemm, P. (eds). 1993. Towards a Civic Society: the Baltic Medias Long Road to Freedom: Perspectives on History, Ethnicity and Journalism (Tartu, Baltic Association for Media Research: Nota Baltica)Google Scholar
Jākobsons, G. 2017.; No mikrofona līdz “MIKROFONAM”’, in Tikai dziesma nenosalst: ‘Mikrofons’ – Latvijas fenomens, ed. Jākobsons, G. and Guļevska, L. (Rīga, Latvijas Mediji), pp. 1040Google Scholar
Kārkliņa, R. 1994. Ethnopolitics and Transition to Democracy: the Collapse of the USSR and Latvia (Washington, DC, Woodrow Wilson Center Press/Johns Hopkins University Press)Google Scholar
Keldysh, I.V. (ed.). (1973–1982). Entries on ‘Melodiya’ (III:529–30), ‘Studiia gramzapisi’ (V:339–41), ‘Soiuz Kompozitorov SSSR’ (V:232–3) and ‘Filarmoniia’ (V:806–7), in Muzykal'naya entsiklopediya (Vols 1–6) (Moscow, Sovetskaia entsiklopediia).Google Scholar
Kruk, S., and Chakars, J. 2010. ‘Agency, awakening, and the audiovisual: developments in late Soviet Latvian broadcasting’, Central European Journal of Communication, 1/3, pp. 5365Google Scholar
Latvian Television. 2018a. Latvijas Radio raidījums ‘Mikrofons (Rīga). https://ltv.lsm.lv/lv/raksts/25.02.2018-nacionalie-dargumi.100-g-kulturas.-latvijas-radio-raidijums-mikr.id122924/ (accessed 2 June 2018)Google Scholar
Latvian Television. 2018b. Nacionālie dārgumi.100 g kultūras. Rokopera ‘Lāčplēsis (Rīga). https://replay.lsm.lv/lv/ieraksts/ltv/143808/nacionalie-dargumi100-g-kulturas-rokopera-lacplesisGoogle Scholar
Lieven, A. 1993. The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence (New Haven, CT, Yale University Press)Google Scholar
Loader, M. 2017. ‘The death of “Socialism with a Latvian Face”: the purge of the Latvian national communists, July 1959–1962’, Journal of Baltic Studies, 48/2, pp. 161–8110.1080/01629778.2016.1244771CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Löhmus, M. 2002. Transformation of Public Text in Totalitarian System: A Socio-semiotic Study of Soviet Censorship Practices in Estonian Radio in the 1980s. Turun Yliopisto, Turku. http://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/24460Google Scholar
LVA-1184-10-7566. 1988a. [‘Mikrofons-88’ transcript]. Latvian State Archive, p. 11Google Scholar
LVA-1184-10-7566. 1988b. [‘Mikrofons-88’ transcript]. Latvian State Archive, p. 73Google Scholar
LVA-1184-10-7566. 1988c. [‘Mikrofons-88’ transcript]. Latvian State Archive, pp.98–9Google Scholar
LVA-1184-11-26. 1979. [Latvijas PSR Valsts televīzijas un radioraidījumu komiteja. Vadība.Kolēģijas sēžu protokoli ar pielikumiem. 2.sēj]. Latvian State Archive, pp. 105–7Google Scholar
LVA-1184-11-47. 1980. [Latvijas PSR Valsts televīzijas un radioraidījumu komiteja. Vadība.Kolēģijas sēžu protokoli ar pielikumiem. 2.sēj]. Latvian State Archive, , pp. 68–71Google Scholar
MacFadyen, D. 2001. Red Stars: Personality and the Soviet Popular Song, 1955–1991 (Montreal, McGill–Queen's University Press)Google Scholar
Martinelli, D. 2017. Give Peace a Chant (Online edition) (Berlin, Springer)10.1007/978-3-319-50538-1Google Scholar
Mazvērsīte, D. 2006. Raimonds Pauls: pieskāriens: Raimonds Pauls un latviešu mūzikas kultūra (Rīga, Madris)Google Scholar
Mazvērsīte, D. 2014. ‘Album notes (2 CDs, DVD and booklet)’, in Various – Mikrofona Aptauja 1968–1994. Latviešu Dziesmu Stāsts (Rīga, Mikrofona Ieraksti)Google Scholar
Mazvērsīte, D. 2015. Uldis Stabulnieks. Tik un tā (Rīga, Lauku Avīze)Google Scholar
Melodiya 1988. ‘V tsentral'nom komitete KPSS’, Informatsionnyi Illiustrirovannyi Zhurnal o Gramzapisi, 4, p. 2Google Scholar
‘“Mikrofonam” 50’. 2015, 15 March. Reiz Radio (Rīga, Latvijas Radio 1). http://lr1.lsm.lv/lv/raksts/reiz-radio/mikrofonam-50.a49593/Google Scholar
‘“Mikrofons” cauri laikiem’. 2017, 1 November. Īstenības izteiksme (Riga, Latvijas Radio 1). https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/kultura/kulturtelpa/mikrofons-cauri-laikiem.a255740/Google Scholar
‘Mikrofons’88. Sākusies aptauja!’. 1988, 5 September. Rīgas Viļņi (Rīga), p. 5Google Scholar
Museum of the Occupation of Latvia. 2010. Es un brīvība (Atbalsta materiāls Latvijas neatkarības atjaunošanas piemiņai veltītu pasākumu rīkošanai skolās) (Rīga). http://okupacijasmuzejs.lv/files/EuB_metodika.pdf (accessed 15 May 2018)Google Scholar
Paasilinna, R. 1995. Glasnost and Soviet Television: a Study of the Soviet Mass Media and its Role in Society from 1985–1991. Research Report 5/1995 (Helsinki, YLE, Finnish Broadcasting Co.)Google Scholar
Pabērza, I. 1998. Menuets savējiem – kas bija, ir un būs (Rīga)Google Scholar
Papēdis, M. 2015. Remix … pie Laika (Rīga, Upett)Google Scholar
Procevska, O. 2007a. Populārās mūzikas diskursi Padomju Latvijas perestroikas laika publiskajā telpā, BA thesis, Latvijas Universitāte, Rīga. Retrieved from http://dspace.lu.lv/dspace/handle/7/20798Google Scholar
Procevska, O. 2007b. ‘The structure of meaning in Soviet popular music: the “Microphone survey” (Mikrofona aptauja) as an example’, Domino, 4, pp. 154–74Google Scholar
Procevska, O. 2010. ‘Politika, mūzika un cilvēki: perestroikas laika Padomju Latvijas populāru dziesmu semiotika’, in Proskurova, O. (ed.), Laiku atšalkas: Žurnālistika, kino, politika: asociētā profesora Ābrama Kleckina jubilejas iedvesmots krājums, pp. 177–87 (Rīga, LU SPPI)Google Scholar
Procevska, O. 2015. Latvijas publiskie intelektuāļi perestroikas un atmodas laikā: identitāšu konstruēšana un publiskie diskursi (1986–1992), PhD thesis, Latvijas Universitāte,Rīga. http://dspace.lu.lv/dspace/handle/7/5276Google Scholar
Rasa, I. 2008. Latviešu sabiedrības kultūraktivitātes (1800–1991) (Rīga, RaKa)Google Scholar
Remess, A., and Peters, J. 2010. Maestro. Raimonds Pauls (Rīga, Jumava)Google Scholar
Rinne, H. 2008. Laulev revolutsioon: Eesti rokipõlvkonna ime (Tallinn, Varrak)Google Scholar
Rokopera ‘Lāčplēsis’ (1988) – kultūras manifestācija un sociāli politiska izpausme, 30 November 2017. Latvijas Radio 3 Klasika (Rīga). http://klasika.lsm.lv/lv/raksts/100-latvijas-pirmizrades/rokopera-lacplesis-1988--kulturas-manifestacija-un-sociali-polit.a95954/Google Scholar
Rotgalvis, E. 2017. Rokmūzikas diskurss jauniešu izdevumos ‘Liesma’ un ‘Padomju Jaunatne’ 1988. un 1989. Gadā, BA thesis, Latvijas Universitāte, Rīga. http://dspace.lu.lv/dspace/handle/7/36988Google Scholar
Ruks, M. 2015. No zemes un debesīm Pērkons (Rīga, Antava)Google Scholar
Savchenko, B.A. 1998. Kumiry rossiiskoi estrady: Ros. pesen. estrada KhKh v. ot A do Ia: Sprav (Moscow, Panorama)Google Scholar
Šein, H. 2005. Suur teleraamat: 50 aastat televisiooni Eestis 1955–2005 (Tallinn, TEA Kirjastus)Google Scholar
Šmidchens, G. 2014. The Power of Song: Nonviolent National Culture in the Baltic Singing Revolution (Seattle, WA, University of Washington Press)Google Scholar
Smith, G. 1996. The Nationalities Question in the post-Soviet States (Harlow, Longman)Google Scholar
Stites, R. 1992. Russian Popular Culture: Entertainment and Society since 1900 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)Google Scholar
Strods, H. 2010. PSRS politiskā cenzūra Latvijā, 1940–1990 (Rīga, Jumava)Google Scholar
Trapāns, J.A. (ed.) 1991. Toward Independence: the Baltic Popular Movements (Boulder, CO, Westview Press)Google Scholar
Troitsky, A. 1987. Back in the USSR: the True Story of Rock in Russia (London, Omnibus Press)Google Scholar
Vāvere, K., and Neimane, S. 1997. Līvi (Rīga, Tandems-A)Google Scholar
Ieva Akurātere, ‘Manai tautai’. Ieva Akurātere. Melodiya C60 28197 009. 1989Google Scholar
Lāčplēsis – 1–3. Melodiya С60 29341 009, С60 29343 009, С60 29345 009. 1990Google Scholar
Mikrofons – 80. Melodiya С60-15601-2. 1981Google Scholar
Mikrofons – 81. 1–2. Melodiya C60-18275-6, C60-18277-8. 1982Google Scholar
Mikrofons – 82. Melodiya С60 19689 005. 1983Google Scholar
Mikrofons – 84. Melodiya C60 23303 000. 1985Google Scholar
Mikrofons – 86. Melodiya C60 25223 007. 1987Google Scholar
Mikrofons – 87. Melodiya С60 26731 000. 1987Google Scholar
Mikrofons – 88. Melodiya С60 28199 003. 1988Google Scholar
Mikrofons – 89. Melodiya С60 29483 004. 1989Google Scholar
Mikrofona Rok-Aptauja – 90. Melodiya C60 31079 007. 1990Google Scholar
Mikrofona Ratiņa Aptauja – 90. Melodiya С60 31077 002. 1990Google Scholar
Mikrofons – 91. Rokaptaujas Dziesmas. Ri-Tonis 3-048-C-6. 1991Google Scholar
Mikrofona Aptauja – 91. Vecais Ratiņš. Ri-Tonis 3-047-C-6. 1991Google Scholar
Alla Pugacheva, ‘Million Roz’. Melodiya C62-18531-32. 1982Google Scholar
Remix. Pie laika. Melodiya C60 29713 006. 1990Google Scholar
Uldis Stabulnieks. Tik Un Tā (Estrādes Dziesmas). Melodiya С60 22823 006. 1985Google Scholar
Zodiac, Disco Alliance. Melodiya C60-13771-2. 1980Google Scholar
Various, Mikrofona Aptauja 1968–1994. Latviešu Dziesmu Stāsts. Mikrofona Ieraksti MRCDK040 MRCDK041 MRCDK042. 2014Google Scholar
Various, Vēl ir laiks. KGB F 668 842. 1984Google Scholar