Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T02:45:51.129Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Forgotten “New” Dancer of New York City's Gilded Age: Genevieve Lee Stebbins and the Dance as Yet Undreamed

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 December 2020

Abstract

In the Gilded Age, Genevieve Lee Stebbins (1857–1934) became a dance soloist admired in New York City's theater world. Stebbins created a foundation from which a new “serious” dance aesthetic emerged and notably inspired the early dance work of Ruth St. Denis and Isadora Duncan; however, she remains an overlooked figure within American dance history. This article chronicles Stebbins's innovations and clarifies misrepresentations of her work in recent scholarship. Unlike other American dance pioneers, there is no public archive dedicated to Stebbins, therefore this article draws upon newly available primary sources to explore Stebbins's foundational work.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Dance Studies Association.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Works Cited

“About the New Dances.” 1894. Detroit Free Press, October 21, 13.Google Scholar
“Acting for the Actors.” 1892. The Sun (New York), January 9, 3.Google Scholar
Acocella, Joan. 2013. “Introduction.” In My Life, Liveright Publishing Co. 1927, New York.Google Scholar
“Afternoon Tea Chatter.” 1903. New York Times, November 8, 36.Google Scholar
Alger, William. 1894. “The Aesthetic Gymnastics of Delsarte.” Werner's Magazine, January, 34.Google Scholar
“Amusements & etc.” 1879. The Evening Star, November 22, 8.Google Scholar
“Amusements: A Night off at Daly's. The Maretzek Benefit. The Delsarte Matinee. A Greek Tragedy. Steinway Hall.” 1889. New York Times, February 13, 4.Google Scholar
“Amusements: The Delsarte Matinee.” 1890. New York Times, March 26, 4.Google Scholar
“Amusements: Three Matinees.” 1892. New York Times, April 6, 4.Google Scholar
“Ancient Dances: Young Women Represent Classic Myths.” 1896. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, May 15, 11.Google Scholar
“Ancient Egyptian Rites Seen in Dance. Ruth St. Denis Seen in a Series of Graceful Posturings, with Lavish Costume and Scenery.” 1910. New York Times, December 13, 13.Google Scholar
Banaji, Paige. 2013. “Womanly Eloquence and Rhetorical Bodies: Regendering the Public Speaker Through Physical Culture.” In Rhetoric, History, and Women's Oratorical Education, edited by Gold, David and Hobbs, Catherine, 154176. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Berg, Albert Ellery. (1884). The Drama, Painting, Poetry, and Song. New York: P. F. Collier Publishing.Google Scholar
Bordelon, Suzanne. 2016. “Embodied Ethos and Rhetorical Accretion: Genevieve Stebbins and the Delsarte System of Expression.Rhetoric Society Quarterly 46 (2): 105130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bordelon, Suzanne. 2019. “Female Embodiment, Contradiction, and Ethos Negotiations in Genevieve Stebbins's Late Nineteenth-Century Statue-Posing Arguments.Rhetoric Review 38 (1): 2338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Boston Society and the World Opens Its Hospitable Doors.” 1879. Chicago Daily Tribune, October 9, 12.Google Scholar
Brandstetter, Gabriele. 2015. Poetics of Dance: Body, Image, and Space in the Historical Avant-Gardes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Bringing Temple Dances from the Orient to Broadway.” 1906. New York Times, March 25, 44.Google Scholar
Caffin, Caroline, and Caffin, Charles. 1912. Dancing and Dancers of Today: The Modern Revival of Dancing as an Art. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company.Google Scholar
“Chautauqua Gossip.” 1894. Buffalo Evening News, July 27, 2.Google Scholar
Clappe, Louise Amelia Knapp Smith. 1854–1855. “The Shirley Letters from California Mines 1851–1852.” Pioneer Magazine.Google Scholar
“Classic Statue Impersonations. Mrs. Stebbins’ Very Picturesque Pantomimic Matinee at the Berkeley Lyceum Yesterday Afternoon. Greek and Hebrew Representations.” 1894. The World, January 26, 10.Google Scholar
“Dances Barred at Chautauqua. Mrs. Stebbins Had to Alter Her Programme.” 1894. New York Tribune, July 28, 8.Google Scholar
“Dancing and Talk at the League. Miss Genevieve Stebbins, Disciple of Delsarte and Teacher of Physical Culture, Furnished It All. The Spectators Properly Impressed.” 1893. The World (New York, NY), December 21, 11.Google Scholar
“Delsarte Begins.” 1892. The Sunday Herald, January 3, 9.Google Scholar
“The Denman School.” 1869. San Francisco Chronicle, June 9, 3.Google Scholar
Donawerth, Jane, ed. 2002. Rhetorical Theory by Women before 1900: An Anthology. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
“Dramatic Diary.” 1877. Spirit of the Times. Music and Drama, January 5, 618.Google Scholar
“Dramatic Notes.” 1879. The Chicago Tribune, June 23, 5.Google Scholar
Edwards, Paul. 1999. “Unstoried: Teaching Literature in the Age of Performance Studies.Theatre Annual 52: 1147.Google Scholar
“Entertained by Miss Stebbins.” 1892. New York Times, November 26, 9.Google Scholar
Fahey, Joseph Francis. 2000. “Americanized Delsarte Culture as Physical and Political Expression: How American Women Shaped Francois Delsarte's System of Applied Aesthetics into a Progressive Force for Social Reform, Performance and Professionalism.” PhD diss., Ohio State University: Columbus.Google Scholar
“A Finished Artistic Performance.” 1894. Chautauqua Assembly Herald 7 (19): 4.Google Scholar
“Genevieve Stebbins's Recital.” 1894. Werner's Magazine, September, 388.Google Scholar
Giraudet, Alfred. 1885. “The Delsarte System.” Werner's Magazine, January, 10.Google Scholar
“Graceful Poses.” 1890. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, November 1, 1.Google Scholar
“Hazel Kirke in Court: The Counter-Suits of Steele MacKaye and the Messrs. Mallory.” 1882. New York Times, April 15, 8.Google Scholar
“Hooleys.” 1879. Inter-Ocean (Chicago), June 10, 8.Google Scholar
“Howard's Letter. A Season of Discomfort Predicted for New York. A Few Theatrical Matters. Steele MacKaye's Troubles—Young America Going to the Bad.” 1880. The Times (Philadelphia), May 30, 5.Google Scholar
Jowitt, Deborah. 1989. Time and the Dancing Image. Oakland: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Kallmeyer, Hade. 1910. Künstlerische Gymnastik: Harmonische Körperkultur Nach Dem Amerikanischen System Stebbins-Kallmeyer. Schlachtensee-Berlin: Kultur-Verlag.Google Scholar
Kendell, Elizabeth. 1984. Where She Danced: The Birth of American Art-Dance. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
L. A. C. 1887. “Biographical Sketches, Genevieve Lee Stebbins.Werner's Directory of Elocutionists, Readers, Lecturers and other Public Instructors and Entertainers, edited by Wilbor, Elsie, 288291. New York: Edgar Werner.Google Scholar
Lake, Susan Taylor. 2008. “Mapping Meaning, Making Being: Genevieve Stebbins Delsartism and the Performance of Womanliness.” Paper presented at National Communication Conference, San Diego, CA, November 2125.Google Scholar
Lawrence, Mary Viola Tingley. 1922. “An Appreciation.” In The Shirley Letters from California Mines, 1851–1852, Being a Series of Twenty-Three Letters from Dame Shirley to Her Sister in Massachusetts and Now Reprinted from the Pioneer Magazine of 18541855. San Francisco: Thomas Russell Private Press.Google Scholar
“Lecture to Actresses on Delsarte: Mrs. Stebbins Talks of His System and Dances a Minuet.” 1893. New York Times, December 22, 6.Google Scholar
“Local Intelligence.” 1871. The San Francisco Examiner, June 3, 3.Google Scholar
Macintosh, Fiona, ed. 2010. Ancient Dancers in the Modern World: Responses to Greek and Roman Dance. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
“Miriam Seen Again, Mrs. Genevieve Stebbins Reproduced Her Dances, the Story of the Exodus.” 1894. Boston Post, February 25.Google Scholar
“Mme. Marie Delsarte.” 1892. The Times (Philadelphia), January 24, 13.Google Scholar
“Mrs. Louise Clappe Dies in New Jersey. She Was One of the Noted Educators of Early Days in California.” 1906. San Francisco Chronicle, March 7, 13.Google Scholar
Mullan, Kelly. 2016a. “Harmonic Gymnastics and Somatics: A Genealogy of Ideas.” Currents: The Journal of Body-Mind Centering Association 19 (1): 1628.Google Scholar
Mullan, Kelly. 2016b. “European Antecedents to Somatic Practices.” In Mindful Movement: The Evolution of the Somatic Arts and Conscious Action, written and edited by Eddy, Martha, 7182. Bristol: Intellect Press.Google Scholar
Mullan, Kelly. 2017. “Somatic Herstories: Tracing Elsa Gindler's Educational Antecedents Hade Kallmeyer and Genevieve Stebbins.Journal of Dance and Somatic Practices 9 (2): 159177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Music and Drama: Mr. Carlberg's Concert.” 1880. New York Daily Tribune, February 29, 7.Google Scholar
N. A. 1893. “Sketches and Portraits of Artists and Teachers: Genevieve Stebbins.” Werner's Magazine, December, 444445.Google Scholar
New Orleans Republican. 1877. March 16, 4.Google Scholar
New York Times. 1880. January 21, 5.Google Scholar
“The Poetry of Motion.” 1895. The Weekly Wisconsin, May 25, 1.Google Scholar
Preston, Carrie. 2011. Modernism's Mythic Pose: Gender, Genre, Solo Performance. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
“The Public Schools: List of All the Highest Scholars in the Principal Schools.” 1869. San Francisco Chronicle, June 13.Google Scholar
Ruyter, Nancy Lee Chalfa. 1973. “American Delsartism: Precursor of an American Dance Art.Educational Theatre Journal 25 (4): 421435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruyter, Nancy Lee Chalfa. 1979. Reformers and Visionaries: The Americanization of the Art of Dance. New York: Dance Horizons.Google Scholar
Ruyter, Nancy Lee Chalfa. 1988. “The Intellectual World of Genevieve Stebbins.Dance Chronicle 11 (3): 389397.Google Scholar
Ruyter, Nancy Lee Chalfa. 1996. “Antique Longings: Genevieve Stebbins and American Delsartean Performance.” In Corporealities: Dancing, Knowledge, Culture and Power, edited by Foster, Susan Leigh, 7089. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ruyter, Nancy Lee Chalfa. 1999. The Cultivation of Body and Mind in Nineteenth-Century American Delsartism. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
“A School of Expression. Prominent Musical and Dramatic People of New York City.” 1902. Successful American, February, 105107.Google Scholar
Seminar für Harmonische Gymnastik Kallmeyer. 1912. Lehrerin Der Harmonischen Gymnastik ein Neuer Frauenberuf. Berlin-Zehlendorf: Kulturverlag .Google Scholar
Shawn, Ted. 1920. Ruth St. Denis: Pioneer and Prophet, Being a History of Her Oriental Dances. Vol. 1. San Francisco: Printed for John Howell by John Henry Nash.Google Scholar
Shawn, Ted. (1954, 1963). Every Little Movement: A Book about Francois Delsarte, the Man and His Philosophy, His Science and Applied Aesthetics, the Application of This Science to the Art of Dance, the Influence of Delsarte on American Dance. Pennington, NJ: Dance Horizons/Princeton Book Co.Google Scholar
Shawn, Ted. 2005. Chaque Petit Mouvement à propos de François Delsarte. Paris: Éditions Complexe et Centre National de la Danse.Google Scholar
Shelton. 1978. “The Influence of Genevieve Stebbins on the Early Career of Ruth St. Denis.” In Essays on Dance Research from the Fifth Cord Conference, ed. Dianne Woodruff. New York: Congress on the Research in Dance, 3349.Google Scholar
Shelton, Suzanne. 1981. Divine Dancer: A Biography of Ruth St. Denis. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company.Google Scholar
Smith-Baranzini, Marlene. 1999. “Out of the Shadows: Louise Clappe's Life and Early California Writing.California History 78 (4): 238261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Stage Whispers: Ins and Outs of the Gay and Giddy Dramatic World.” 1884. National Police Gazette, March 1.Google Scholar
St. Denis, Ruth. (1939). Ruth St. Denis, An Unfinished Life: An Autobiography. New York: Harper and Brothers. Reprint, Brooklyn: Dance Horizons.Google Scholar
Stebbins, Genevieve. 1885. “Delsarte System of Dramatic Expression.” Werner's Magazine, June, 81.Google Scholar
Stebbins, Genevieve. (1885, 1887, 1889, 1891, 1894) 1902. Delsarte System of Expression. New York: Edgar Werner. Reprint (1977), New York: Dance Horizons.Google Scholar
Stebbins, Genevieve. (1888, 1889, 1890) 1891. Society Gymnastics and Voice Culture Adapted from the Delsarte System. New York: Edgar Werner.Google Scholar
Stebbins, Genevieve. (1892) 1893. Dynamic Breathing and Harmonic Gymnastics: A Complete System of Psychical, Aesthetic and Physical Culture. New York: Edgar S. Werner.Google Scholar
Stebbins, Genevieve. 1894a. “Practical Delsartism VI. Artistic Statue Posing.” Werner's Magazine, July, 256258.Google Scholar
Stebbins, Genevieve. 1894b. “Practical Delsartism VII. Pantomime.” Werner's Magazine, September, 316317.Google Scholar
Stebbins, Genevieve. 1894c. “Practical Delsartism II. Physical Culture.” Werner's Magazine, February, 6263.Google Scholar
Stebbins, Genevieve. 1895. Genevieve Stebbins's Drills. New York: Edgar Werner.Google Scholar
Stebbins, Genevieve. (1898) 1913. The Genevieve Stebbins System of Physical Training. New York: Edgar Werner.Google Scholar
Stebbins, Genevieve. (1901) 1965. Egyptian Mysteries: An Account of an Initiation. Translated from the Greek by P. Christian to French in 1870. Translated from the French by Stebbins, Genevieve An Egyptian Initiation by Iamblichus, a Neo-Platonist of the 4th Century. Denver: E. L. Bloom.Google Scholar
Stebbins, Genevieve. n.d. Physical Training: Gymnastics for Women. Successful Woman in This Profession. The Royal Beauty of the Statue Reveals to Her an Excellent Field of Work. A Charming Paper by Genevieve Stebbins. Scrap Album, 1889–1891, Box 3, Seidl Society Records, Brooklyn Historical Society.Google Scholar
Stocking, Sarah. 1879. School and Parlour Tableaux: Suitable for Schools, the Drawing Room, and Church Entertainments, etc.: With Full Description of Costume and Directions for Production. Chicago: T. S. Denison and Company Publishers.Google Scholar
“Terpsichorean Drama. Boston Art Student's Association to Give a Unique Entertainment.” 1894. Boston Post, February 11, 4.Google Scholar
Thomas, Helen. 2004. “Physical Culture, Bodily Practices and Dance in Late Nineteenth-Century and Early Twentieth-Century America.Dance Research: The Journal of the Society for Dance Research 22 (2): 185204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, Mary. 1894. “Miss Thompson's Rejoinder.” Werner's Magazine, July, 272.Google Scholar
“Three Thousand Sunday School Girls Dance as Faeries in Amazing Cinderella Ballets.” 1897. New York Journal, December 14, 6.Google Scholar
Van Osdol, Paige M. 2012. The Women's Elocution Movement in America, 1870–1915. PhD diss., Ohio State University: Columbus.Google Scholar
Vidette. [No title.] 1879. The Times-Picayune (New Orleans), April 29, 3.Google Scholar
Waille, Franck. 2011. “Rediscover the Vitality of Delsarte's Teachings: Expressive (neither stereotypical nor physiognomonic) and Inscribed in the Movement (not static).” International Colloquium François Delsarte: Mémoire et Héritage, Paris, November 11.Google Scholar
Weber, Jody. 2009. Evolution of Aesthetic and Expressive Dance Boston. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press.Google Scholar
Werner, Edgar. 1899. “The New York School of Expression.” Werner's Magazine, September, 8485.Google Scholar
“Whiffs of Gossip.” 1876. Sacramento Daily Union, October 21.Google Scholar
Wilbor, Elsie. 1891. “A Glimpse at the Work of Mrs. Genevieve Stebbins Thompson.” Werner's Magazine, February, 2932.Google Scholar
Wilbor, Elsie. 1894. “Genevieve Stebbins's Matinee.” Werner's Magazine, February, 69.Google Scholar
“Woman's Slavery to Fashion: She Admires Ideal Garments, But Will Not Wear Them. Miss Lindley Tells the Dress-Reform Congress Why Fashions Should be Healthful and Health Fashionable—Mrs. Margaret S. Lawrence Says Prejudice Meets Improved Garments on All Sides—Dancing by Miss Stebbins.” 1894. New York Times, February 23, 8.Google Scholar
“Women Posed and Danced: Mrs. Stebbins’ Lecture on Ancient Art Illustrated by Living Pictures.” 1896. The Journal, May 15, 6.Google Scholar