Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-5g6vh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T12:27:02.571Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Necessary and good: a literature review exploring ethical issues for online counselling with children and young people who have experienced maltreatment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2020

Mary Jo McVeigh*
Affiliation:
CaraCare, Chief Executive Officer, Concord, NSW, Australia, 2137
Susan Heward-Belle
Affiliation:
Social Work and Policy Studies, The Sydney School of Education and Social Work, University of Sydney, 1 Davidson Avenue, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2006
*
Author for correspondence: Mary Jo McVeigh, Email: mjmcveigh.cara@gmail.com

Abstract

The World Health Organization categorised the Corona virus as a public health emergency of international concern. As a result of this declaration, a raft of procedures to stem the spread of the virus to safeguard the health and safety of its citizens was enacted by the Australian Government. The promotion of social isolation and distancing were among these measures. The governmental social distancing measures put in place in Australia resulted in a curtailing of face-to-face work and moving to online service delivery for many agencies who provide counselling for children/young people who have experienced maltreatment. This article presents the findings of a review of the literature on the pertinent ethical issues in relation to online counselling. The results of the review highlighted common ethical issues discussed across the literature, with a major gap in the literature focusing on issues for children and young people and a continued privileging of the adult voice over children and young people’s needs.

Type
Articles
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ardi, Z., & Putra, M. (2017). Ethics and legal issues in online counselling services: Counselling principles analysis. Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan & Konseling, 3(2), 1522.Google Scholar
Baker, K., & Ray, M. (2011). Brief communication. Online counselling: The good, the bad, and the possibilities. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 24(4), 341346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barak, A., Klein, B., & Proudfoot, J. (2009). Defining internet-supported therapeutic interventions. Annals of Behavioural Medicine, 38, 417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnett, J., & Scheetz, K. (2003). Technological advances and telehealth: Ethics, law, and the practice of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 40(1/2), 8693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beattie, D., Cunningham, S., Jones, R., & Zelenko, O. (2006). ‘I use online so the counsellors can’t hear me crying’: Creating design solution for online counselling. Media International Australia Incorporating Culture and Policy, 118, 4352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Behar, J. (1993). Computer ethics. Moral philosophy or professional propaganda? Computers in Human Services, 9(3–4), 441453.Google Scholar
Békés, V., & Aages-van Doon, K. (2020). Psychotherapists’ attitude toward online therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 30(2), 238247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolton, J. (2017). The ethical issues which must be addressed in online counselling. Australian Counselling Research Journal, 11(1), 115.Google Scholar
Bunston, W., Frederico, M., & Whiteside, M., (2020). Infant-led research: Privileging space to see, hear, and consider the subjective experience of the infant. Australian Social Work, 73(1), 7788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, A. (2020). An increasing risk of family violence during the COVID-19 pandemic: Strengthening community collaboration to save lives. Forensic Science International: Report, 2, 100089, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100089.Google Scholar
Cannella, G., & Viruru, R. (2004). Childhood and post colonisation. Power, education, and contemporary practice. Routledge Falmer.Google Scholar
Centore, A., & Milacci, F. (2008). A study of mental health counsellors’ use of and perspectives on distance counselling. Journal of Mental Health Counselling, 30(3), 207282.Google Scholar
Conroy, H., & Harcourt, D. (2009). Informed agreement to participate, beginning the partnership with children in research. Early Childhood Development and Care, 9(2),157165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, B. (2014). Listening to children. Being and becoming. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, S., & Artaraz, K. (2009). Towards an understanding of factors influencing early years professionals’ practice of consultation with young children. Children & Society, 23, 5769.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deslich, S., Stec, B., Tomblin, S., & Coustasse, A. (2013). Telepsychiatry in the 21st century: Transforming healthcare with technology. Perspectives in Health Information Management, 10 , 118.Google Scholar
Dombo, E., Kays, L., & Weller, K. (2014). Clinical social work practice and technology: Personal, practical, regulatory, and ethical consideration for the twenty-first century. Social Work in Health Care, 53(9), 900919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubowitz, H. (2017). Child sexual abuse and exploitation—A global glimpse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 66, 28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ericsson, S., & Boyd, S. (2017). Children’s ongoing and relational negotiation of informed assent in child-researcher, child-child, and child-parent interaction. Childhood, 24(3), 300315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finn, J., & Barak, A. (2010). A descriptive study of e-counsellor attitudes, ethics, and practice. Counselling & Psychotherapy Research, 10(4), 268277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gannett, L. (2001). Racism and human genome diversity research: The ethical limits of ‘population thinking’. Philosophy of Science, 68(3) S479-S492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goddard, C., Hunt, S., Broadley, K., Dibben, M., Frederick, J., Mudaly, N., & Newtown, R. (2014). The silencing of children in Australia. In Conte, J.R. (Ed.), Child abuse and neglect worldwide. Volume 2; Understanding, defining, and measuring child maltreatment, (pp. 257284). Praeger.Google Scholar
Gurwitch, R., Salem, H., Nelson, M., & Comer, J. (2020). Leveraging parent-child interaction therapy and telehealth capacities to address the unique needs of young children during the COVID-19 public health crisis. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, and Policy, 21(S1), S82-S84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haberstroh, S. (2009). Strategies and resources for conducting online counselling. Journal of Professional Counselling: Practice, theory, and Research, 37(2), 120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanley, T. (2006). Developing youth-friendly online counselling services in the United Kingdom: A small scale investigation, not the views of practitioners. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 6(3), 182185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, B., & Birnbaum, R. (2015). Ethical and legal implications on the use of technology in counselling. Clinical Social Work Journal, 43(2), 133141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hein, I. M., De Vries, M. C., Troost, P. W., Meynen, G., Van Goudoever, J. B., Lindauer, R. J. L. (2015). Informed consent instead of assent is appropriate in children from the age of twelve: Policy implications of new findings on children’s competence to consent to clinical research. BMC Medical Ethics, 16(70), 17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenkins, P. (2010). Having confidence in therapeutic work with young people; constraints and challenges to confidentiality. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 38(3), 263274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
John, M. (2003). Children’s rights and power. Charging up for a new century. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.Google Scholar
Kanani, K., & Regehr, C. (2003). Clinical, ethical & legal issues in e-therapy. Families in Society, 84(2), 155162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, R., Bambling, M., Lloyd, C., Gomurra, R., Smith, S., Reid, W., & Wegner, K. (2006). Online counselling: The motives and experiences of young people who choose the internet instead of face to face or telephone counselling. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 6(3), 169174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambert, V., & Glacken, M. (2011). Engaging with children in research: Theoretical and practical implications of negotiating informed consent/assent. Nursing Ethics, 18(6), 781801.Google ScholarPubMed
Longstaff, S. (2017). Everyday ethics. The daily decisions you make & how they shape the world. Ventura Press.Google Scholar
Lopez, A. (2014). Social work, technology, and ethical practices: A review and evaluation of the national association of social worker’s’ technology standards. Social Work in Health Care, 53(9), 815833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mallen, M., Vogel, D., & Rochlen, A. (2005). The practical aspects of online counselling: Ethics, training, technology, and competency. The Counselling Psychologist, 33(6), 776818.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martellozzo, E. (2019). Online child sexual abuse. In Bryce, I., Robinson, Y. & Petherick, W. (Eds.), Child Abuse and neglect. Forensic issues in evidence, impact, and management, (pp. 6377), Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarty, D., & Clancy, C. (2002). Telehealth; Implications for social work practice. Social Work, 47(2), 153161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McInroy, L., McCloskey, R., Craig, S., & Eaton, A. (2019). LGBTQ+ Youths’ Community Engagement and Resource Seeking Online versus Offline. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 37(4), 315333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McVeigh, M. J. (2017a). The light within the light: An exploration of the role of Anam Ċara in Irish Celtic spiritualty and its application to 21st�?century therapy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 38(1), 6171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McVeigh, M. J. (2017b). Are we there yet? Children Australia, 42(3), 159175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McVeigh, M. J. (2020). (in press.) Beyond the dawn: Exploring the scholarly landscape of technology-assisted therapeutic group work interventions for children and young people who experienced maltreatment. Social Work with Groups.Google Scholar
Midkiff, D., & Wyatt, W. (2008). Ethical issues in the provision of online mental health services (Etherapy). Journal of Technology in Human Services, 26(2–4), 310332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moosa-Mitha, M. (2005). A difference-centred alternative to theorization of children’s citizenship rights. Citizenship Studies, 9(4), 369388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mudaly, N., & Goddard, C. (2006). The truth is longer than a lie. Children’s experiences of abuse and professional interventions. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.Google Scholar
Mullaly, R. (2010). Challenging oppression and confronting privilege: A critical social work approach. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nelson, L., Stupiansky, N., & Ott, M. (2016). The influence of age, health literacy, and affluence on adolescents’ capacity to consent to research. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 11(2), 115121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ni Aolaín, F. (2019). Women, vulnerability, and humanitarian emergencies. Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, 18(1), 123.Google Scholar
Nicholson, I. (2011). New technology, old issues: Demonstrating the relevance of the Canadian code of ethics for psychology to the ever-sharper cutting edge of technology. Canadian Psychology, 52(3), 215224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker-Oliver, D., & Demiris, G. (2006). Social work informatics: A new specialty. Social Work, 51(2), 127134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ragusea, A., & VandeCreek, L. (2003). Suggestions for the ethical practice of online psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 40(1/2), 94102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reamer, F. (2013). Social work in a digital age: Ethical risk management challenges. Social Work, 58(2), 163172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Recupero, P., & Rainey, S. (2005). Informed consent to e-therapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 59(4), 319331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, J., Stiles, W., & Grohol, J. (2006). An investigation of session impact and alliance in internet-based psychotherapy: Preliminary results. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 6(3), 164168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, D., & Viganó, N. (2013). Online counselling: A narrative and critical review of the Literature. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(9), 9941011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sargeant, J., & Harcourt, D. (2012). Doing ethical research with children. Open University Press.Google Scholar
Sefi, A., & Hanley, T. (2012). Examining the complexities of measuring effectiveness of online counselling for young people using routine evaluation data. Pastoral Care in Education, 30(1), 4964.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, H., & Shaw, S. (2006). Critical ethical issues in online counselling: Assessing current practices with an ethical intent checklist. Journal of Counselling & Development, 84, 4153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoll, J., Műller, J., & Trachel, M. (2020). Ethical issues in online psychotherapy: A narrative review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vasanthakumar, A. (2018). Epistemic privilege and victims’ duties to resist their oppression. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 35(3), 465480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Widom, C. S., & Czaja, S. J. (2005). Reactions to research participation in vulnerable subgroups. Accountability in Research, 12(2), 115138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed