Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The combined effects of cobalt chromite nanoparticles and variable injection timing of preheated biodiesel and diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of CI engine

  • Original
  • Published:
Heat and Mass Transfer Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of kapok methyl ester biodiesel in the base engine were analyzed. The kapok methyl ester oil is heated up to 110 °C employing a preheating method to reduce the fuel’s viscosity and density. The preheated oil is blended with the base fuel (i.e., diesel) to make various fuel blends. Many research findings have shown that the B20 (i.e., 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) blend reveals superior performance, emission, and combustion characteristics in the diesel engine. Preheated oil was mixed with cobalt chromite nanoparticles in the different dosages of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 150 ppm, and 200 ppm, respectively. When using this biodiesel in a diesel engine, the oxide of nitrogen increases. To overcome this problem, the injection timing concept was used. The injection timing was varied by 19 crank angle degree (CAD) bTDC (Retardation), 23 CAD bTDC (Standard), and 27 CAD bTDC (Advanced). The brake thermal efficiency increased with the blends B20 with cobalt 200 ppm in Retardation by 7.2% as compared with the started ignition delay. The hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide decreased in the blends B20 with cobalt 200 ppm in Retardation by 37.86% and 41.66% as compared to the standard injection timing. The oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide of blend B20 with cobalt 50 ppm in Retardation decreased by 16.45% and 9.5% when correlated to normal injection timing. The biodiesel of kapok oil methyl ester is utilized as an alternative fuel in the base engine to obtain better optimum results.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

SIT KC1 – RET:

B20 with cobalt 50 ppm in Retardation

SIT KC2 – RET:

B20 with cobalt 100 ppm in Retardation

SIT KC3 – RET:

B20 with cobalt 150 ppm in Retardation

SIT KC4 – RET:

B20 with cobalt 200 ppm in Retardation

SIT KC1 – ADV:

B20 with cobalt 50 ppm in Advanced

SIT KC2 – ADV:

B20 with cobalt 100 ppm in Advanced

SIT KC3 – ADV:

B20 with cobalt 150 ppm in Advanced

SIT KC4 – ADV:

B20 with cobalt 200 ppm in Advanced

CO:

Carbon monoxide

BSEC:

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

ID:

Ignition Delay

BTE:

Brake Thermal Efficiency

BSFC:

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

HC:

Hydrocarbon

NOx:

Oxides of nitrogen

D100:

Diesel

A:

Algae biodiesel

B5:

5% biodiesel + 95% diesel

B10:

10% biodiesel + 90% diesel

B20:

20% biodiesel+ 80% diesel

B30:

30% biodiesel+ 70% diesel

B100:

100% biodiesel

C:

Camelina sativa and neem seed oil

S:

sunflower oil methyl ester

K20:

20% Kapok methyl ester+80% diesel

References

  1. Bari S, Lim TH, Yu CW (2002) Effects of preheating of crude palm oil (CPO) on injection system, performance and emission of a diesel engine. Renew Energy 27:339–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-1481(02)00010-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Deepanraj B, Lawrence P, Sivashankar R, Sivasubramanian V (2016) Analysis of pre-heated crude palm oil, palm oil methyl ester and its blends as fuel in a diesel engine. Int J Ambient Energy 37:495–500. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2015.1004106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Namliwan N, Wongwuttanasatian T (2014) Performance of diesel engine using diesel B3 mixed with crude palm oil. Sci World J 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/531868

  4. Subramaniam M, Solomon JM, Nadanakumar V et al (2020) Experimental investigation on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of DI diesel engine using algae as a biodiesel. Energy Rep 6:1382–1392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.05.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Oni BA, Oluwatosin D (2020) Emission characteristics and performance of neem seed (Azadirachta indica) and Camelina (Camelina sativa) based biodiesel in diesel engine. Renew Energy 149:725–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Temizer İ, Cihan Ö, Eskici B (2020) Numerical and experimental investigation of the effect of biodiesel/diesel fuel on combustion characteristics in CI engine. Fuel 270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117523

  7. Reza Miri SM, Mousavi Seyedi SR, Ghobadian B (2017) Effects of biodiesel fuel synthesized from non-edible rapeseed oil on performance and emission variables of diesel engines. J Clean Prod 142:3798–3808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.082

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Heidari-Maleni A, Gundoshmian TM, Karimi B et al (2020) A novel fuel based on biocompatible nanoparticles and ethanol-biodiesel blends to improve diesel engines performance and reduce exhaust emissions. Fuel 276:118079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118079

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Sivakumar M, Shanmuga Sundaram N, Ramesh Kumar R, Syed Thasthagir MH (2018) Effect of aluminium oxide nanoparticles blended pongamia methyl ester on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine. Renew Energy 116:518–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.10.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Saravanan A, Murugan M, Sreenivasa Reddy M, Parida S (2020) Performance and emission characteristics of variable compression ratio CI engine fueled with dual biodiesel blends of rapeseed and Mahua. Fuel 263:116751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116751

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Kumaravel ST, Murugesan A, Vijayakumar C, Thenmozhi M (2019) Enhancing the fuel properties of Tyre oil diesel blends by doping nano additives for green environments. J Clean Prod 240:118128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. How HG, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Teoh YH (2018) Influence of injection timing and split injection strategies on performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of diesel engine fueled with biodiesel blended fuels. Fuel 213:106–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.10.102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Zhang P, He J, Chen H et al (2020) Improved combustion and emission characteristics of ethylene glycol/diesel dual-fuel engine by port injection timing and direct injection timing. Fuel Process Technol 199:106289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.106289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Harun Kumar M, Dhana Raju V, Kishore PS, Venu H (2020) Influence of injection timing on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine powered with tamarind seed biodiesel blend. Int J Ambient Energy 41:1007–1015. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2018.1501741

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Rajendran S (2020) Effect of antioxidant additives on oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission reduction from Annona biodiesel operated diesel engine. Renew Energy 148:1321–1326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.10.104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Huang J, Wang Y, Qin JB, Roskilly AP (2010) Comparative study of performance and emissions of a diesel engine using Chinese pistache and jatropha biodiesel. Fuel Process Technol 91:1761–1767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.07.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Valente OS, Pasa VMD, Belchior CRP, Sodré JR (2012) Exhaust emissions from a diesel power generator fuelled by waste cooking oil biodiesel. Sci Total Environ 431:57–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Can Ö (2014) Combustion characteristics, performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fueled with a waste cooking oil biodiesel mixture. Energy Convers Manag 87:676–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.07.066

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Ong HC, Masjuki HH, Mahlia TMI et al (2014) Engine performance and emissions using Jatropha curcas, Ceiba pentandra and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel in a CI diesel engine. Energy 69:427–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.03.035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Chuah LF, Aziz ARA, Yusup S et al (2015) Performance and emission of diesel engine fuelled by waste cooking oil methyl ester derived from palm olein using hydrodynamic cavitation. Clean Techn Environ Policy 17:2229–2241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-015-0957-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Valente OS, Da Silva MJ, Pasa VMD et al (2010) Fuel consumption and emissions from a diesel power generator fuelled with castor oil and soybean biodiesel. Fuel 89:3637–3642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.07.041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Al-lwayzy SH, Yusaf T (2017) Diesel engine performance and exhaust gas emissions using microalgae Chlorella protothecoides biodiesel. Renew Energy 101:690–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.09.035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Tayari S, Abedi R, Rahi A (2020) Comparative assessment of engine performance and emissions fueled with three different biodiesel generations. Renew Energy 147:1058–1069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.068

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Shaafi T, Velraj R (2015) Influence of alumina nanoparticles, ethanol and isopropanol blend as additive with diesel-soybean biodiesel blend fuel: combustion, engine performance and emissions. Renew Energy 80:655–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.02.042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Mehta RN, Chakraborty M, Parikh PA (2014) Nanofuels: combustion, engine performance and emissions. Fuel 120:91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.12.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Mirzajanzadeh M, Tabatabaei M, Ardjmand M et al (2015) A novel soluble nano-catalysts in diesel-biodiesel fuel blends to improve diesel engines performance and reduce exhaust emissions. Fuel 139:374–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Nadeem M, Rangkuti C, Anuar K et al (2006) Diesel engine performance and emission evaluation using emulsified fuels stabilized by conventional and gemini surfactants. Fuel 85:2111–2119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.03.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Thiyagarajan S, Sonthalia A, Edwin Geo V et al (2020) Effect of manifold injection of methanol/n-pentanol in safflower biodiesel fuelled CI engine. Fuel:261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116378

  29. Yang WM, An H, Chou SK et al (2013) Emulsion fuel with novel nano-organic additives for diesel engine application. Fuel 104:726–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.04.051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Sadhik Basha J, Anand RB (2014) Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using carbon nanotubes blended Jatropha methyl Ester emulsions. Alexandria Eng J 53:259–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2014.04.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Ayhan V, Çangal Ç, Cesur İ et al (2020) Optimization of the factors affecting performance and emissions in a diesel engine using biodiesel and EGR with Taguchi method. Fuel 261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116371

  32. Nikzadfar K, Shamekhi AH (2019) Investigating a new model-based calibration procedure for optimizing the emissions and performance of a turbocharged diesel engine. Fuel 242:455–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.01.072

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Rajesh Kumar B, Saravanan S (2016) Effects of iso-butanol/diesel and n-pentanol/diesel blends on performance and emissions of a di diesel engine under premixed LTC (low temperature combustion) mode. Fuel 170:49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.12.029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Chen Z, Liu J, Han Z et al (2013) Study on performance and emissions of a passenger-car diesel engine fueled with butanol-diesel blends. Energy 55:638–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.03.054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Li L, Wang J, Wang Z, Liu H (2015) Combustion and emissions of compression ignition in a direct injection diesel engine fueled with pentanol. Energy 80:575–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.12.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Choi B, Jiang X, Kim YK et al (2015) Effect of diesel fuel blend with n-butanol on the emission of a turbocharged common rail direct injection diesel engine. Appl Energy 146:20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.02.061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Vedharaj S, Vallinayagam R, Yang WM et al (2014) Effect of adding 1,4-Dioxane with kapok biodiesel on the characteristics of a diesel engine. Appl Energy 136:1166–1173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.04.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Rajesh Kumar B, Saravanan S, Sethuramasamyraja B, Rana D (2017) Screening oxygenates for favorable NOx/smoke trade-off in a DI diesel engine using multi response optimization. Fuel 199:670–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.03.041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Krishnamoorthy R, Asaithambi K, Balasubramanian D, Murugesan P, Rajarajan A (2020) Effect of Cobalt Chromite on the Investigation of Traditional CI Engine Powered with Raw Citronella Fuel for the Future Sustainable Renewable Source. SAE Technical Paper 2020-28-0445, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-28-0445

    Book  Google Scholar 

  40. Elumalai PV, Annamalai K, Dhinesh B (2019) Effects of thermal barrier coating on the performance, combustion and emission of DI diesel engine powered by biofuel oil–water emulsion. J Therm Anal Calorim 137:593–605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7948-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Uslu S, Ayd M (2020) Effect of operating parameters on performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with ternary blends of palm oil biodiesel / diethyl ether / diesel by Taguchi method. Fuel 275:117978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117978

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Balusamy T, Marappan R (2010) Effect of injection time and injection pressure on CI engine fuelled with methyl ester of Thevetiaperuviana seed oil. Int J Green Energy 7(4):397–409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Harish V, Venkataramanan M (2016) Effect of Al2O3 nanoparticles in biodiesel- diesel-ethanol blends at various injection strategies: performance, combustion and emission characteristics. Fuel 186:176–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.08.046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Sayin C, Gumus M, Canakci M (2010) Effect of fuel injection timing on the emissions of a direct-injection (DI) diesel engine fueled with canola oil methyl ester diesel fuel blends. Energy Fuel 24(4):2675–2682

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Channapattana SV, Pawar Abhay A, Kamble Prashant G. Investigation of DI-CI four stroke VCR engine at different fuel injection timing using bio-fuel derived from nonedible oil source as a fuel. Biofuels Taylor &Francis Group LLC; 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2016.1187540. ISSN: 1759–7269 (Print) 1759–7277

  46. Ganapathy T, Gakkhar RP, Murugesan K (2011) Influence of injection timing on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of Jatropha biodiesel engine. Appl Energy 88:4376–4386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Nanthagopal K, Ashok B, Raj RT (2016) Influence of fuel injection pressures on Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester fuelled direct injection diesel engine. Energy Convers Manag 116:165–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Elumalai PV, Nambiraj M, Parthasarathy M et al (2021) Experimental investigation to reduce environmental pollutants using biofuel nano-water emulsion in thermal barrier coated engine. Fuel 285:119200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Elumalai PV, Dhinesh B, Parthasarathy M et al (2020) An experimental study on harmful pollution reduction technique in low heat rejection engine fuelled with blends of pre-heated linseed oil and nano additive. J Cleaner Prod:124617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124617

Download references

Acknowledgements

AICTE, the government of India for granting grants under modernization and elimination of obsolescence (AICTE), and management of the PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul for providing a matching grant for the purchase of variable-compression ratio system (MODROB) are to be thanked by this corresponding author. The supervisor and the All-Indian Council for Technical Education (AICTE). In this rig the research work was carried out.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, 624 622, India

    Anbarasan Baluchamy & Muralidharan Karuppusamy

Authors
  1. Anbarasan Baluchamy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Muralidharan Karuppusamy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anbarasan Baluchamy.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Baluchamy, A., Karuppusamy, M. The combined effects of cobalt chromite nanoparticles and variable injection timing of preheated biodiesel and diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of CI engine. Heat Mass Transfer 57, 1565–1582 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-021-03044-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-021-03044-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation