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Corporate Vehicular Manslaughter Provisions In The Bangladesh Road Transport Act 2018: A Textual Comparison With Their Equivalents in Australia

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Abstract

The road transport sector in Bangladesh has been simply disorderly for years and gradually going from bad to worse killing about 20,000 people and grievously injuring 50,000 every year as reported by the World Health Organisation. Government transport authorities publicly admit their failure in disciplining the critical sector. The government was ultimately compelled to enact legislation in 2018 following the deaths of two teenage students who were run over by a bus, which triggered nationwide protests effectively paralysing the transport sector for more than a week. To pacify the agitated students, the government enacted the Road Transport Act 2018 which, for the first time, directly imposes criminal responsibility on transport companies, their owners and officers. This article critically examines that corporate liability provisions (liabilities of the companies, their owners, officers, employees – excluding transport workers) from the perspective of vehicular manslaughter in light of their equivalents in Australia, and with sporadic references to common law principles as relevant to both Bangladesh and Australia which have inherited their legal systems from the British colonial rule. We argue that the new provisions have several flaws including the definition of the offence, defences available, and penalties prescribed – which significantly undermine the utility and effectiveness of the new legislation. We provide specific suggestions for amending these provisions aimed at improving road safety in Bangladesh, however, these considerations may also benefit other jurisdictions.

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Notes

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  42. Id, at 436–37. See also Des Taylor &Geraldine Mackenzie, Staying Focused on the Big Picture: Should Australia Legislate for Corporate Manslaughter Based on the United Kingdom Model? 37 CRIM. L.J. 99 (2013).

  43. See for further details of these four rationales: Luke Hastings, supra note 41, 436–37.

  44. Id. at 439.

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  52. The cabinet approves in principle an amendment to the company law in late November 2018 to introduce formation of single member companies in Bangladesh: FE Online Desk, Cabinet Approves Draft of Company (Amendment) Law, 2018, Financial Express, Bangladesh, Nov. 26, 2019, at National.

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  58. See id.

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  68. See, for example, Presidential Security Services of Australia Pty Ltd v Brilley (2008) 73 NSWLR 241; [2008] NSWCA 204.

  69. (1949) 80 CLR 198.

  70. Mallan v. Lee (1949) 80 CLR 198, 215.

  71. Hamilton v. Whitehead (1988) 166 CLR 121, 127.

  72. Hamilton v. Whitehead (1988) 166 CLR 121, 121. Section 169 of the Companies (Western Australia) Code: ‘A person … shall not issue to the public, offer to the public for subscription or purchase, or invite the public to subscribe for or purchase, any prescribed interest.’ Its s174.(1) provides: ‘A person shall not -(a) contravene or fail to comply with a provision of section 169 …’. Section 9 of the Interpretation Code states: The word ‘person’ includes a company: the Interpretation Code, s. 9.

  73. (2007) 16 VR 409.

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  75. Hamilton v. Whitehead (1988) 166 CLR 121, 128, citing Lee v. Lees Air Farming Ltd (1961) A.C. 12, 26.)

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  78. Hamilton v. Whitehead (1988) 166 CLR 121, 127.

  79. Hamilton v. Whitehead (1988) 166 CLR 121, 127.

  80. See definition worker for industrial manslaughter in s49A of the Crimes Act 1900 (ACT).

  81. There are some differences between the laws of the ACT and Qld, which will be discussed in mens rea section below.

  82. [1985] HCA 43; (1985) 157 CLR 523 (He Kaw Teh).

  83. See He Kaw Teh [5]–[7].

  84. (1985) 157 CLR 523.

  85. He Kaw Teh [5].

  86. He Kaw Teh [6].

  87. He Kaw Teh (1985) 157 CLR 523 [6].

  88. Section 299 and 304 of the Penal Code 1860 (Bd) prescribes definition and punishment which may extend up to life sentence for culpable homicide not amounting to murder, whereas s106 of the RTA2018 does not refer to any specific punishments to be applied.

  89. Thalia Anthony et al., Waller & Williams Criminal Law –Text and Cases (12th ed. 2013), p. 345.

  90. Christian Youth Camps Ltd v. Cobaw Community Health Services Ltd [2014] VSCA 75 [103].

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  92. (1990) 170 CLR 146, 171–72.

  93. [1957] 1 QB 159, 172.

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  96. Burns v. The Queen (2012) HCA 35; Cittadini v. R (2009) NSWCCA 302.

  97. For recent applications of this theory in Australia, see Hanley v. Automotive, Food, Metals, Engineering, Printing and Kindred Industries Union (2000) 100 FCR 530; Hamilton v Whitehead (1988) 166 CLR 121; S & Y Investments (Number 2) Pty Ltd (In Liquidation) v. Commercial Union Assurance Company Of Australia Limited (1986) 44 NTR 14.

  98. [1972] AC 153; J. Clough, Bridging the Theoretical Gap: The Search for a Realist Model of Corporate Criminal Liability 18 CRIM. L. F. 267, 271 (2007).

  99. [1972] AC 153.

  100. [1972] AC 153 at 170.

  101. Tesco Supermarkets Ltd v. Nattrass Tesco v Nattrass [I971] 2 All E.R. 127, 132.

  102. Tesco Supermarkets Ltd v. Nattrass Tesco v Nattrass [I971] 2 All E.R. 127, 132.

  103. See also DPP v. Kent and Sussex Contractors Ltd [1944] 1 K B 146; R v. ICR Haulage Co Ltd [1944] K B 551; Moore v. I Bresler Ltd [1944] 2 E R 515.

  104. [1995] 2 AC 500.

  105. See ABC Developmental Learning Centres Pty Ltd v. Wallace [2006] VSC 171.

  106. For example, as at 22 March 2019, more than 70,000 vehicles have not renewed fitness certificates for 10 years: Tuhin Shubhra Adhikar, No Fitness Docs, Yet Running, Daily Star, Bangladesh, Mar. 23, 2019, at Front Page. A bus hit an ex-minister and incumbent member of parliament was being driven by a man having no driver licence: Staff Correspondent, Bus Driven by Man Having No Licence Hits Car Carrying Menon, New Age, Bangladesh, Mar. 23, 2019, at Bangladesh.

  107. [1994] VicSC 326.

  108. For further reference, see Australian Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth) Part 2.5 – Corporate criminal responsibility, Division 12, which applies to all pieces of federal legislation in Australia.

  109. J. Clough & C. Mulhern, The Prosecution of Corporations (2002), p. 138.

  110. Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), Part 2.5, cl 12.l -12.6.

  111. See, e.g., Julian Velasco, The Fundamental Rights of the Shareholder, 40 U. C. DAVIS L. REV. 407, 455 (2006); Albert W. Alschuler, Two Ways to Think About the Punishment of Corporations, 46 AM. CRIM. L. REV. 1359, 1374–76 (2009); Miriam H. Baer, Organizational Liability and The Tension Between Corporate and Criminal Law 19 J. L. & POL’Y 1, 4 (2010).

  112. ‘Corporate culture, for a corporation, means an attitude, policy, rule, course of conduct or practice existing within the corporation generally or in the part of the corporation where the relevant conduct happens.’

  113. Olivia Dixon, Corporate Criminal Liability: The Influence of Corporate Culture, Legal Studies Research 16 (2017) < https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2921698 (accessed Mar. 1, 2019).

  114. Neil Cavanagh, supra note 14, at 416.

  115. Mark Pieth, Lucinda A. Low & Peter J. Cullen (eds.), The OECD Convention on Bribery: Acommentary < https://www.oecd.org/daf/anti-bribery/39200754.pdf> (accessed Mar 4., 2019).

  116. See, e.g., See Mark Pieth, Article 2 – The Responsibility of Legal Persons in The OECD Convention on Bribery: A Commentary 9 (Mark Pieth, Lucinda Low and Peter Cullen eds., 2006) < https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/oecd-convention-on-bribery/responsibility-of-legal-persons/3E6A553780A1D14E6B89173A87A62CA2 > (accessed Oct. 20, 2019).

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  118. M Moneruzzaman & Shahin Akhter, Unfit Vehicles, Drivers without Licences HC asks BRTA, IGP to submit reports New Age, Bangladesh, Mar. 27, 2019, at Bangladesh.

  119. Id.

  120. Tuhin Shubhra Adhikary, Suprobhat Paribahan: 90pc Buses Ran without Papers, Daily Star, Bangladesh, Apr. 1, 2019, Front Page.

  121. Id.

  122. Id.

  123. Staff Correspondent, Abrar's Death in Road Crash: Conductor, Not Driver, was at the Wheel, Daily Star, Bangladesh, Mar. 28, 2019, at Front Page.

  124.  Moneruzzaman & Akhter, supra note 118.

  125.  Id.

  126. B. Fisse, The Attribution of Criminal Liability to Corporations: A Statutory Model 13 SYDNEY L. REV. 277, 279 (1991).

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  128. Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth).

  129. (1991) ATPR 41-076 at 52,155, as cited in Olivia Dixon, supra note 113, at 7.

  130. Olivia Dixon, supra note 113, at 16.

  131. See Deadly Negligence, The Independent, London, Mar. 6, 2007, at Editorial 26; David Millward, Network Rail Fined £4m for Crash That Left 31 Dead, Daily Telegraph, London, Mar. 31, 2007, at 12; Mark Milner, Executives Cleared of Train Crash Blame, Guardian, London, Sept.7, 2005, at 6. The UK legislated the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 which avoids the organic theory and allows consideration of corporate culture in determining corporate guilt: see James W. Harlow, Corporate Criminal Liability for Homicide: A Statutory Framework, 61 DUKE L.J. 123, 151 (2011).

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  142. Rick Sarre, Sentencing Those Convicted of Industrial Manslaughter, Sentencing Conference, Canberra, Feb. 6–7, 7 (2010).

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  145. [2012] HCA 35.

  146. [2009] NSWCCA 302.

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  152. (1988) 65 ALJR 80, 82.

  153. See S M Solaiman & Lars Bo Langsted, Crimes Committed by Directors Attributed to Corporations - Why Should Directors be Accessory?: Viewing through the Complicity Rules in Common Law 28 CRIM. L. F.129 (2017).

  154. S M Solaiman, supra note 50.

  155. See Commonwealth v. Weiss, 139 Pa. 247 (I890); Holstead v. State, 41 N. J. L. 552 (I879).

  156. Ted R Miller, David T. Levy & David I. Swedler, Lives Saved by Laws and Regulations That Resulted From the Bloomberg Road Safety Program 113 ACCID ANAL & PREV 131, 135 (2018) (citation omitted).

  157. Road Transport Bill, 2018 Falls Short - Will Not Deter Reckless Driving, Daily Star, Bangladesh, Aug. 8, 2018, at Editorial.

  158. Sophie Hofford, supra note 2, at 37 & 61.

  159. Neil Cavanagh, supra note 14, at 440.

  160. (2010) 62 DLR 483, para 86 (Supreme Court of Bangladesh, HCD).

  161. Bangladesh Beverage Industries Ltd v Rowshan Akhter (2010) 62 DLR 483, para 68 (Supreme Court of Bangladesh, HCD).

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    S. M. Solaiman

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S. M. Solaiman, PhD, LLM (Business Law), LLM, LLB (Hons), Associate Professor & Head of Postgraduate Studies, School of Law, University Of Wollongong, Australia. e-mail: sheikh@uow.edu.au.

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Solaiman, S.M. Corporate Vehicular Manslaughter Provisions In The Bangladesh Road Transport Act 2018: A Textual Comparison With Their Equivalents in Australia. Crim Law Forum 32, 125–173 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10609-020-09404-y

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