Full length articlePerformance of Electromagnetic Nanonetwork under relaying for plant monitoring
Introduction
Nanotechnology enables the designing of nanodevices, size of whose ranges from one to a few nanometers. The first and foremost objective of miniaturization is to design devices characterizing the special properties of nanomaterials and nanoparticles. This in turn accomplishes some unrealistic or difficult objectives, such as measuring and computing at nanoscale level [1]. Recent, development in nanosensors are playing a vital role in contemporary communication system known as Nano Communication (NC) [2]. In sequence, modern nanonetworks are proposed, applications of whose ranges from environment to agriculture, and biomedical to military [3], [4]. In particular, deployment of nanosensor can be used in crop monitoring for high-resolution agriculture or can be used in detection of emitted volatile organic compounds [4]. A thorough study of plant signaling is presented in [5] which include comparisons among vascular and airborne signaling for plant defense. On the other hand, authors in [6], [7] presented different models for plant monitoring based on terahertz (THz) nano communication. Model presented in [6] includes water content of the leaf which offers useful irrigation management and helps to prevent drought stress in plants. However, authors in [7] consider path-loss in plant scenario. Authors in [8] explore the applicability of THz range for plant monitoring and food safety. However, recently in reference [9] authors present a thorough review on applicability of THz frequency range in plant scenario. According to [9] quality control and detecting adulteration, measurements of water content and measuring drought stress among the others are major challenges in crop monitoring.
Though sensing range of an individual nanosensor is limited to a few cubic micrometers but as an element of nanonetwork they can enhance the range significantly [3]. However, nano communication in THz band encompasses particle scattering, continuum absorption and collision-induced absorption in addition to scattering with multiple scattering from small particles, such as aerosols [10]. Also, molecular absorption noise in the medium imposes serious issue on propagation model [11]. Jornet et al. suggested that THz channel is the bottleneck design of NC with very high path loss and noise due to molecular absorption of Electromagnetic (EM) waves [12]. Moreover, communications at the terahertz frequency range, particularly within a hybrid channel such as plant foliage, experience unique kind of attenuation and distortion [4].
In [13], [14] authors suggested that for THz communication band, Extended Generalized K (EGK) is most suitable fading channel. Also, [13] presents various performance measures such as BER of various modulations scheme namely Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK), M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) and capacity under different adaptive schemes for indoor scenario at THz. In addition, Alpha-Mu and Gaussian fading distribution is recommended to model the misalignment in THz range [15]. Further, FS fading channel [16] can be also used as generalized fading model at THz frequency band. It is worthful to mention that Fox’s H distribution realizing all the fading distribution mentioned above. So, in this manuscript we have used Fox’ H distribution in between source to relay [17].
On the other hand, the transmission distance in THz frequency range is limited due to very high loss in this frequency band and authors in [18] claims the high path loss at THz frequency even for short distance. So, in nano communication multi-hop method is used to resolve the transmission range [3]. In other words, relaying is a promising solution to increase transmission range among nanosensors. Authors in [19] suggested relay as a viable solution to addressing the high path loss due to transmissions in terahertz frequency. Further, authors in [20] suggested relay assisted communication in the THz band. Keeping above facts in mind we have proposed a relaying based system for performance analysis of a nanonetwork.
Major contributions of this research include:
- 1.
A novel model of Electromagnetic Nanonetworks under relaying is proposed, considering a plant in which nanosensors are deployed over the leaves and transmit the signals through dual-hop Amplify-and-Forward relay scheme.
- 2.
Derive closed form expressions for error rate of DBPSK and DQPSK modulation schemes over Fox’s H fading distributions from source to relay(S-R) and GG fading distribution from relay to destination(R-D).
- 3.
In turn, presents closed form expressions for SE of DBPSK and DQPSK modulation schemes over Fox’s H fading distributions (from S-R) and GG fading distribution (from R-D).
- 4.
EGK, FS and Alpha-Mu fading channels are realized with Fox’s H distribution as its special cases to represent different plant scenarios from S-R.
- 5.
BER/SER of DBPSK and DQPSK modulation schemes are simulated under Amplify-and-Forward relay over EGK, FS and Alpha-Mu fading channel from S-R and GG fading channels from R-D.
- 6.
Also, SE of DBPSK and DQPSK modulation schemes are simulated under Amplify-and-Forward relay over same fading scenario.
The rest of the article is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the literature review on related work. Section 3 proposes a novel system and channel model for Electromagnetic nanonetwork under relaying. Section 4 presents the closed form expressions for average bit error rate (ABER)/average symbol error rate (ASER) and SE of DBPSK/DQPSK schemes. Section 5 presents the simulated results and discussions of bit error rate and spectral efficiency of DBPSK and DQPSK modulation scheme. Finally, conclusion is presented in Section 6.
Section snippets
Literature review
Recently, profound efforts have been observed in the field of NC in THz frequency for plant monitoring, specially, in agriculture [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [15], [21].
Various literatures present comprehensive view on applicability of THz nano communication in plant monitoring and food safety. Authors in [8] explore the applicability of terahertz frequency range for plant monitoring and food safety. It is outlined that low penetration depth of THz radiation, absorption and distraction of water
System and channel model
The proposed system model in shown in Fig. 1 represents the relaying based transmission scheme for nanoscale communication. As relay system appears to be a viable solution to overcome the degradation due to the channel impairments and substantially improves transmission efficiency [34], [35], [36]. In general, a relaying system includes one source, one relay and one destination node. More specifically, proposed system is a relaying based EM nanonetwork used for plant monitoring as depicted in
Closed form expressions for average error rate and SE of DBPSK/DQPSK over FH-GG fading under AF relaying
In this section we have proposed closed form expressions for average error rate and spectral efficiency (SE) of DBPSK/DQPSK modulation schemes considering AF relaying. Fading channel between source to relay and relay to destination is taken as FH distribution and GG distribution respectively.
Simulated results and discussions
This section presents simulated results and discussions for different performance measures of relaying based nanonetwork over fading channels considering shaping and severity of both multipath and shadowing components. In particular, BER/SER and spectral efficiency of DBPSK and DQPSK modulation schemes over different fading channel, -, FS, and EGK are simulated and the effect of shaping and severity of multipath and shadowing are presented. It is important to mention that different derived
Conclusions
A novel system model for plant monitoring, in which nanosensors are deployed over the leaves and transmit the signals through dual-hop Amplify-and-Forward relay, is proposed. Further, BER/ SER of DBPSK and DQPSK modulation schemes have been analyzed for system under consideration. In addition, SE of DBPSK and DQPSK modulation schemes have been presented. The fading channel from source to relay and relay to destination has been taken as Fox’s H and GG distributions respectively. BER and SE of
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Rajneesh Kumar Singh received his B.Sc. in (2003) in PCM from MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India. He received Master of Computer Applications (MCA) in 2006 from U.P. Technical University, Lucknow, India. M.Tech. (2013) in Computer Science from Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India. He has more than fourteen years of experience in teaching and industry. He is currently working as an Assistant Professor at GCET Greater Noida, India.
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2023, International Journal of ElectronicsPER OF ELECTROMAGNETIC NANONETWORKS UNDER SYMMETRIC/ ASYMMETRIC AF RELAYING FOR PLANT MONITORING
2022, Telecommunications and Radio Engineering (English translation of Elektrosvyaz and Radiotekhnika)
Rajneesh Kumar Singh received his B.Sc. in (2003) in PCM from MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India. He received Master of Computer Applications (MCA) in 2006 from U.P. Technical University, Lucknow, India. M.Tech. (2013) in Computer Science from Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India. He has more than fourteen years of experience in teaching and industry. He is currently working as an Assistant Professor at GCET Greater Noida, India.
Dr. S Pratap Singh, Ph.D (corresponding author). He has more than fifteen years of experience in teaching and research. He is currently working as an Associate Professor at GCET Greater Noida, India. He has published one Indian IPR (Patent). Two more IPR are under process. He has published more than thirty Scopus indexed research papers in IEEE proceeding (IEEE conferences). He has also published more than ten SCI research papers in reputed journals of IEEE, Springer, Willey, Taylors & Francis and Inderscience. His research interests are in modelling, analysis and removal of various impairments in wireless communications and in Nano Communication System. He is member of IEEE and GISFI. He is also fellow of IETE.
Prof. Shailesh Tiwari currently working as a Professor in Computer Science and Engineering Department, ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad, India. He is an alumnus of Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, India. His primary areas of research are software testing, implementation of optimization algorithms and machine learning techniques in engineering problems. He has published more than 50 publications in International Journals and in Proceedings of International Conferences of repute. He has edited special issues of Scopus, SCI and E-SCI-indexed journals. He has organized several international conferences under the banner of IEEE and Springer. He is a Senior Member of IEEE, member of IEEE Computer Society, Fellow of Institution of Engineers (FIE).
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Research Scholar.