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Seismic evidence of the active regional tectonic faults and the Copahue volcano, at Caviahue Caldera, Argentina

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Abstract

Understanding interactions between tectonic faults and a nearby active volcano is often realized by combining seismic and field observations. A good example of such an interaction is the Caviahue caldera. It is located in an intra-arc extensional pull-apart basin, within a transition zone joining the northern part of the right-lateral strike-slip Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault System and the thrust-fault Antiñir-Copahue fault zone. Most of the active volcanoes in South Chile are related to the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault System. Some faults located inside the Caviahue caldera were described with reverse mechanisms by some studies whereas they were found to be normal by others. In order to discriminate the actual focal mechanisms, two seismic clusters that occurred in 2017 and 2018 inside the Caviahue rectangular caldera, close to the active Copahue volcano, were studied. Earthquakes (520) were located; focal mechanisms (56) were determined from which an average seismic moment tensor was calculated. The locations and focal mechanisms of the earthquakes allow splitting the seismicity into two main regions, one of tectonic origin (with strike-slip faults) and another one of volcanic origin (with normal faults). The first seismic cluster is located close to Caviahue village, with strike-slip focal mechanisms, in an NNE direction as the nearby Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault strikes. The other part of the seismicity is located close to the northeastern structures of Copahue volcano, in the hydrothermal zone of Anfiteatro, Termas de Copahue, and Maquinitas. It is oriented in an NE direction and is composed of earthquakes with normal focal mechanisms, not reverse as postulated in past studies. The active Copahue volcano lies in the SW prolongation of these normal faults, in agreement with the tectonics of the Caviahue caldera. Then, the two nearby seismic clusters reveal both a tectonic origin, with strike-slip focal mechanisms compatible with the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault System, and a hydrothermal origin with normal focal mechanisms, compatible with the hydrothermal system of the Copahue active volcano.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all the colleagues and students who participated in the fieldwork and made it possible to carry out the seismological network. Adrian Arias, Higinio de Monte, and the municipality of Caviahue gave essential help during the installation and maintenance. This work was supported by the projects PI-UNRN 40-A-548, PICT-2016-0269, and the financial aid of the department of Earth Sciences from University of Florence. DL thanks PASPA-DGAPA, UNAM program for a sabbatical year in Florence, Italy, where this study started. We thank Jesús Ibáñez, an anonymous reviewer, and the editor for constructive comments on the article.

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  1. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología, Río Negro, Argentina

    V. M. Montenegro & A. T. Caselli

  2. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    S. Spagnotto & A. T. Caselli

  3. Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de los Andes, 950, San Luis, Argentina

    S. Spagnotto

  4. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geofísica, Unidad Michoacán, Morelia, Mexico

    D. Legrand

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Montenegro, V.M., Spagnotto, S., Legrand, D. et al. Seismic evidence of the active regional tectonic faults and the Copahue volcano, at Caviahue Caldera, Argentina. Bull Volcanol 83, 20 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-021-01442-7

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