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A comparative LCA as a tool for evaluating existing best available techniques (BATs) in facing brick manufacturing and more eco-sustainable coating solutions

  • LCA FOR MANUFACTURING AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
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Abstract

Purpose

Ceramic facing bricks are construction materials used to produce an attractive aspect to building walls and provide protection from external exposure.

The purpose of this research is twofold: first, to conduct a comparative cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate environmental impacts of manufacturing options available for obtaining different colours and appearance of facing bricks, and second, basing on LCA results, to examine recent literature and environmental product declaration (EPD) items (ISO 14025:2006) to verify if current EU best available techniques (BATs) in ceramic manufacturing industry that are dated 2007 are still relevant today, especially in the light of current technological progresses.

The considered manufacturing options are necessary to obtain three different final appearances of the facing brick. In the first option, the brick is left in its natural colour. The second and third options include the applications of two type of coatings, which are the engobing and the glazing solutions.

Methods

The analysis of life cycle stages was performed according to the cradle-to-gate approach (ISO 14040:2006b UNI EN ISO 14040:2006—environmental management-life cycle assessment-principles and framework; ISO 14044:(2006c) ISO 14044:2006/Amd 1:2017 environmental management-life cycle assessment-requirements and guidelines-amendment 1/Amd 1:2017). The software tool used is SimaPro® version 9.0.0.31, and inventories are based on ecoinvent v.3.5. LCA was performed basing on ceramic BATs and literature data, assuming the German energy mix.

The consistency of results and the evaluation of ceramic BATs were discussed on the basis of a comparison of results with recent LCA studies and application of sensitivity analysis.

Results and discussion

One of the results of this study is that coating options entail significant environmental impacts. As instance, the application of both engobe and glaze coatings increases the global warming potential (GWP) up to 7.2% and human toxicity (HT) up to 143.1%. Finally, results confirm the importance of implementing existing saving technologies for the firing stage, being the main contributor to climate change among production activities.

Moreover, environmental impacts that have been obtained assessing the product life cycle with BATs are generally higher if compared with current literature, in a range up to + 240%.

Conclusions

In conformity with ISO standards, this LCA analyses the potential environmental impacts of facing bricks, considering three manufacturing options.

The evidences provided by this study demonstrate the importance to include coating materials in LCA studies involving facing bricks. Finally, results let the authors to conclude that a revision of BATs is necessary in order to update technology requirements that are contained in the document to the current state of the art.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Engineering, University of Rome “Niccolò Cusano”, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi, 3, 00166, Rome, Italy

    Luca Silvestri

  2. Institute of Sustainability in Civil Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

    Elisabetta Palumbo & Marzia Traverso

  3. Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope”, Isola C4, Centro Direzionale Napoli, Napoli, Italy

    Antonio Forcina

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  1. Luca Silvestri
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  2. Elisabetta Palumbo
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  4. Antonio Forcina
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Correspondence to Luca Silvestri.

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Appendix

Appendix

Fig. 4
figure 4

Cradle-to-gate life cycle impacts of facing bricks production in percentages. Values are reported per functional unit

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Table 11 Ecoinvent records and physical quantities considered for the base scenario, scenario 1 and Scenario 2
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Table 12 Technical data extracted from a data sheet of a water-repellent product. The mixture is applied during the use phase of the facing brick (Remmers group 2020)
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Silvestri, L., Palumbo, E., Traverso, M. et al. A comparative LCA as a tool for evaluating existing best available techniques (BATs) in facing brick manufacturing and more eco-sustainable coating solutions. Int J Life Cycle Assess 26, 673–691 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01877-2

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