Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Common-mode error and multipath mitigation for subdaily crustal deformation monitoring with high-rate GPS observations

  • Original Article
  • Published:
GPS Solutions Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

High-rate precise point positioning with a global positioning system (GPS) is recognized as a powerful tool for large earthquake monitoring. However, its ability to monitor subdaily subtle deformation is still limited by unmodeled errors, which primarily contain the common-mode error (CME) and multipath. In this study, a combination of modified principal component analysis and the sidereal filtering method is employed to separate and extract the CME and multipath from high-rate GPS displacements. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by processing 1 Hz GPS data at 131 static stations over 30 days, during which the 4 and 6 July 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes occurred. The results show no obvious early afterslip within the first 5 h following the 6 July Mw 7.1 earthquake. The CME mainly consists of the first principal component and can be attributed to satellite orbit and clock errors. The proportion of the CME is higher than that of the multipath in the high-rate displacements, namely 36.7% versus 14.4%, 23.8% versus 18.1%, and 36.1% versus 12.5% for the east, north, and up components, respectively. By applying this method, the high-rate displacements can achieve precisions of 0.47, 0.50, and 1.60 cm in the three components. The results of the rapid fault-slip inversions indicate that the PPP fixed solution augmented with spatiotemporal filtering can improve fault-slip inversion and moment magnitude estimation and may lead to new findings for geophysics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aires F, Rossow WB, Chédin A (2002) Rotation of EOFs by the independent component analysis: toward a solution of the mixing problem in the decomposition of geophysical time series. J Atmos Sci 59(1):111–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen RV (1978) Automatic earthquake recognition and timing from single traces. B Seismol Soc Am 68(5):1521–1532

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkins C, Ziebart M (2016) Effectiveness of observation-domain sidereal filtering for GPS precise point positioning. GPS Solut 20(1):111–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen K, Avouac JP, Aati S, Milliner C, Zheng F, Shi C (2020) Cascading and pulse-like ruptures during the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes in the Eastern California Shear Zone. Nat Commun 11(1):1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi K, Bilich A, Larson KM, Axelrad P (2004) Modified sidereal filtering: implications for high-rate GPS positioning. Geophys Res Lett 31(22):L22608

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon TH, Jiang Y, Malservisi R, McCaffrey R, Voss N, Protti M, Gonzalez V (2014) Earthquake and tsunami forecasts: relation of slow slip events to subsequent earthquake rupture. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111(48):17039–17044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong D, Fang P, Bock Y, Webb F, Prawirodirdjo L, Kedar S, Jamason P (2006) Spatiotemporal filtering using principal component analysis and Karhunen-Loeve expansion approaches for regional GPS network analysis. J Geophys Res-Sol Ea. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003806

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong D, Wang M, Chen W, Zeng Z, Song L, Zhang Q, Cai M, Cheng Y, Lv J (2016) Mitigation of multipath effect in GNSS short baseline positioning by the multipath hemispherical map. J Geod 90(3):255–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan Q, Xu C, Yi L, Liu Y, Wen Y, Yin Z (2017) Implication of adaptive smoothness constraint and Helmert variance component estimation in seismic slip inversion. J Geod 91(10):1163–1177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geng J, Jiang P, Liu J (2017) Integrating GPS with GLONASS for high-rate seismogeodesy. Geophys Res Lett 44(7):3139–3146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geng J, Pan Y, Li X, Guo J, Liu J, Chen X, Zhang Y (2018) Noise characteristics of high-rate multi-GNSS for subdaily crustal deformation monitoring. J Geophys Res-Sol Ea 123(2):1987–2002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo A, Ni S, Xie J, Freymueller JT, Wang Y, Zhang B, Yu Z, Yao Y, Ma W (2019) Millimeter-level ultra-long period multiple Earth-circling surface waves retrieved from dense high-rate GPS network. Earth Planet Sc Lett 525:115705

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ledesma RD, Valero-Mora P (2007) Determining the number of factors to retain in EFA: an easy-to-use computer program for carrying out parallel analysis. Pract Assess Res Eval 12(1):2

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson KM, Bodin P, Gomberg J (2003) Using 1-Hz GPS data to measure deformations caused by the Denali fault earthquake. Science 300(5624):1421–1424

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larson KM, Bilich A, Axelrad P (2007) Improving the precision of higg-rate GPS. J Geophys Res-Sol Ea. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Ge M, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Guo B, Wang R, Klotz J, Wickert J (2013) Real-time high-rate co-seismic displacement from ambiguity-fixed precise point positioning: application to earthquake early warning. Geophys Res Lett 40(2):295–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Xu C, Yi L (2017) Denoising effect of multiscale multiway analysis on high-rate GPS observations. GPS Solut 21(1):31–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-015-0502-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li W, Shen Y (2018) The consideration of formal errors in spatiotemporal filtering using principal component analysis for regional gnss position time series. Remote Sens 10(4):534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Xu C, Yi L, Fang R (2018a) A data-driven approach for denoising GNSS position time series. J Geod 92(8):905–922

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li B, Zhang Z, Shen Y, Yang L (2018b) A procedure for the significance testing of unmodeled errors in GNSS observations. J Geod 92(10):1171–1186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malservisi R, Schwartz SY, Voss N, Protti M, Gonzalez V, Dixon TH, Jiang Y, Newman AV, Richardson J, Walter JI, Voyenko D (2015) Multiscale postseismic behavior on a megathrust: The 2012 Nicoya earthquake. Costa Rica Geochem Geophy Geosy 16(6):1848–1864

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ming F, Yang Y, Zeng A, Zhao B (2017) Spatiotemporal filtering for regional GPS network in China using independent component analysis. J Geod 91(4):419–440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Márquez-Azúa B, DeMets C (2003) Crustal velocity field of Mexico from continuous GPS measurements, 1993 to June 2001: implications for the neotectonics of Mexico. J Geophys Res-Sol Ea. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB002241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nikolaidis R (2002) Observation of geodetic and seismic deformation with the Global Positioning System, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Calif., San Diego.

  • Okada Y (1985) Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space. B Seismol Soc Am 75(4):1135–1154

    Google Scholar 

  • Psimoulis P, Pytharouli S, Karambalis D, Stiros S (2008) Potential of global positioning system (GPS) to measure frequencies of oscillations of engineering structures. J Sound Vib 318(3):606–623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ren X, Chen J, Li X, Zhang X (2021) Ionospheric total electron content estimation using GNSS carrier phase observations based on zero-difference integer ambiguity: methodology and assessment. IEEE T Geosci Remote 59(1):817–830

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruhl CJ, Melgar D, Geng J, Goldberg DE, Crowell BW, Allen RM, Bock Y, Barrientos S, Riquelme S, Báez JC et al (2019) A global database of strong-motion displacement GNSS recordings and an example application to PGD scaling. Seismol Res Lett 90(1):271–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross ZE, Idini B, Jia Z, Stephenson OL, Zhong M, Wang X, Zhan Z, Simons M, Fielding EJ, Yun S et al (2019) Hierarchical interlocked orthogonal faulting in the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence. Science 366(6463):346–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tian Y, Shen Z (2011) Correlation weighted stacking filtering of common-mode component in GPS observation network. Acta Seismol Sin 33(2):198–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Tu R, Ge M, Wang R, Walter TR (2014) A new algorithm for tight integration of real-time GPS and strong-motion records, demonstrated on simulated, experimental, and real seismic data. J Seismol 18(1):151–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Dam T, Wahr J, Milly PCD, Shmakin AB, Blewitt G, Lavallée D, Larson KM (2001) Crustal displacements due to continental water loading. Geophys Res Lett 28(4):651–654

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wdowinski S, Bock Y, Zhang J, Fang P, Genrich J (1997) Southern California permanent GPS geodetic array: Spatial filtering of daily positions for estimating coseismic and postseismic displacements induced by the 1992 Landers earthquake. J Geophys Res-Sol Ea 102(B8):18057–18070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wübbena G, Schmitz M, Matzke N (2010) On GNSS in situ-station calibration of near field multipath. In: International symposium on GNSS space based and ground based augmentation systems and applications, Brussels, Belgium

  • Xu P, Shi C, Fang R, Liu J, Niu X, Zhang Q, Yanagidani T (2013) High-rate precise point positioning (PPP) to measure seismic wave motions: an experimental comparison of GPS PPP with inertial measurement units. J Geod 87(4):361–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng K, Zhang X, Li P, Li X, Ge M, Guo F, Sang J, Schuh H (2019) Multipath extraction and mitigation for high-rate multi-GNSS precise point positioning. J Geod 93(10):2037–2051

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Our study is financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2019YFC1509201), the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (Grant No. 41825009), the Funds for Creative Research Groups of China (Grant No. 41721003), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41774034).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430063, China

    K. Zheng

  2. School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China

    X. Zhang, J. Sang, Y. Zhao, G. Wen & F. Guo

  3. Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan, 430079, China

    X. Zhang

  4. Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430079, China

    X. Zhang

Authors
  1. K. Zheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. X. Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. Sang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Y. Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. G. Wen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. F. Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by K. Zheng, X. Zhang, J. Sang, Y. Zhao, G. Wen, and F. Guo. The first draft of the manuscript was written by K. Zheng, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to X. Zhang.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

There are no financial conflicts of interest to disclose.

Data availability statement

We gratefully thank PBO for offering high-rate GPS data (ftp://data-out.unavco.org/), the GPS Analysis Center Coordinator for providing the postprocessed coseismic displacements (ftp://data-out.unavco.org/pub/products/event/), and the Global Geophysical Fluid Center for providing atmospheric and hydrology loadings (http://loading.u-strasbg.fr/).

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zheng, K., Zhang, X., Sang, J. et al. Common-mode error and multipath mitigation for subdaily crustal deformation monitoring with high-rate GPS observations. GPS Solut 25, 67 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-021-01095-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-021-01095-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation