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52. The search terms employed to retrieve polls from all polling organizations archived in the Roper data-set with respect to our four moral conflicts were: prohibition; school AND prayer; abortion; and gun control OR firearms OR handguns, at http://ropercenter.cornell.edu.

53. For example, see Baumgartner and Jones, Agendas and Instability in American Politics, 52 and passim.

54. The search terms employed to retrieve the published congressional hearings with respect to our four moral conflicts were: Prohibition AND Alcoholic beverages, school prayer, abortion, and gun control. Separate hearings are counted rather than only the bills that prompted the hearings, since some legislation had multiple hearings, whereas other bills had only one hearing. Accessed at http://congressional.proquest.com.

55. Access the Supreme Court DataBase at http://scdb.wustlu.edu.

56. For the impact of the Supreme Court on abortion as well as capital punishment, see Lee Epstein and Joseph F. Kobylka, The Supreme Court and Legal Change: Abortion and the Death Penalty (Chapel Hill, 1992). On school prayer, see Bruce J. Dierenfield, The Battle over School Prayer: How Engel v. Vitale Changed America (Lawrence, Kans., 2007). The high court also played a pivotal role in redefining morality policy with respect to pornography and gay rights: Strub, Obscenity Rules; Miriam Smith, Political Institutions and Lesbian and Gay Rights in the United States and Canada (New York, 2008).

57. The 1872 Prohibition Party platform reaffirmed the 1869 policy resolutions, at http://prohibitionists.org.

58. Ernest H. Cherrington, The Evolution of Prohibition in the United States of America (Montclair, N.J., 1969 [1920]), 320.

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69. Ibid. Beginning in 1964, this article cited twenty-three more Supreme Court cases that implicated the Twenty-First Amendment.

70. See Jonathan M. Rotter and Joshua S. Stambaugh, “What’s Left of the Twenty-First Amendment?” Cardozo Public Law, Policy & Ethics Journal 6 (2008): 601–49.

71. Quoted in John A. Murley, “School Prayer: Free Exercise of Religion or Establishment of Religion?” in Social Regulatory Policy: Moral Controversies in American Politics, ed. Raymond Tatalovich and Byron W. Daynes (Boulder, 1988), 32–33.

72. Quoted in ibid., 33.

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76. Quoted in Raymond Tatalovich and Byron W. Daynes, “The Trauma of Abortion Politics,” Commonweal 108 (20 November 1981): 648.

77. Quoted in “Larry Lader: Tireless Warrier,” The Body Politic 1, no. 9 (September 1991): 15.

78. Ruth Ann Strickland, “Abortion: Pro-Choice versus Pro-Life,” in Moral Controversies in American Politics, ed. Tatalovich and Daynes, 14–18; Samantha Luks and Michael Salamone, “Abortion,” in Public Opinion and Constitutional Controversy, ed. Persily, Citrin, and Egan (New York, 2008), 85–101.

79. Luks and Salamone, “Abortion,” 99.

80. Quoted in “Answers About Guns,” Field & Stream, May 2013, 14–15. Interview transcript with Wayne LaPierre at www.fieldandstream.com/guninterviews.

81. Ibid. Interview transcript with Vice President Joseph Biden at www.fieldandstream.com/guninterviews.

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86. Robert J. Spitzer, The Politics of Gun Control, 6th ed. (Boulder, 2015), 32–38.

87. Ibid., 39.

88. Eugene Volokh, “Nonlethal Self-Defense, (Almost Entirely) Nonlethal Weapons, and the Rights to Keep and Bear Arms and Defend Life.” Stanford Law Review 62 (2009): 199–255.

89. Spitzer, The Politics of Gun Control, 121.

90. Kristin A. Goss, Disarmed: The Missing Movement for Gun Control in America (Princeton, 2006); Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge, Mass., 1965).

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97. E. E. Schattschneider, The Semi-Sovereign People (New York, 1960); Benjamin I. Page, “The Semi-Sovereign Public,” in Navigating Public Opinion, ed. Jeff Manza, Fay Lomax Cook, and Benjamin I. Page (New York, 2002), 325–44; Paul Burstein, American Public Opinion, Advocacy, and Policy in Congress (New York, 2014).