Abstract
Pulverized coal utilization in the blast furnace is decided by the particle flow and combustion behaviors in the raceway. Under a specific operating condition, these behaviors are directly related to the lance configuration in the upstream tuyere zone. Focusing on single straight lance, six types of single lance configurations were designed by assembling four parameters in different ways. These four parameters are the lance diameter, lance insertion angle, and the horizontal and vertical distances from the lance tip to the tuyere tip. With different lance configuration schemes applied, the pulverized coal combustion process in the lance–blowpipe–tuyere zone was simulated. The simulation results regarding particle diffusion and combustion behaviors were characterized by three indicators from the viewpoint of a coal plume. They are the plume diffusion angle, diffusion uniformity, and the average plume temperature at the tuyere outlet. To promote coal utilization, the values of these indicators under different configurations were analyzed, yielding two optimal configurations. The first one is to reduce the lance length immersed in the blowpipe–tuyere by 100 mm. The other is to increase the horizontal distance from the lance tip to the tuyere outlet by 50 mm, and the insertion angle to 11° with the lance tip located at the tuyere centerline. The findings can enhance the understanding of the influence mechanism of lance configuration on the coal utilization and provide guidelines for the design of new lance configurations.
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Abbreviations
- A :
-
Empirical constant
- A i :
-
Area of ith cell
- A p :
-
Particle surface area, m2
- B :
-
Empirical constant
- C 1 :
-
Mass diffusion-limited rate constant
- C 2 :
-
Kinetics-limited rate pre-exponential factor
- C D :
-
Drag coefficient
- D :
-
Bulk vapor diffusion coefficient, m2/s
- D 0 :
-
Oxygen diffusion rate coefficient, m2/s
- d :
-
Diameter of lance diameter, mm
- d p :
-
Coal particle diameter, m
- E :
-
Activation energy, J/kmol
- f :
-
Drag function
- f Chari :
-
Char fraction in the coal in ith devolatilization reaction
- f Coal :
-
Dry ash free basis of coal
- f VM :
-
Fraction of volatile matter in coal dry ash free basis
- f VMi :
-
Fraction of volatile matter in coal in ith devolatilization reaction
- g :
-
Gravitaional accelaration, 9.8 m/s2
- h g :
-
Specific enthalpy of gas phase, J/kg
- H :
-
Height from lance tip to tuyere centerline, mm
- k :
-
Turbulence kinetic energy, m2/s2
- L :
-
Axial distance from lance tip to tuyere outlet, mm
- L′ :
-
Nondimensional distance from lance tip to tuyere outlet
- l :
-
Immersed length of lance in blowpipe zone, mm
- m p :
-
Particle mass, kg
- \(\dot{m}_{\text{pg}}\) :
-
Mass transfer from particle to gas phase, kg/m3
- M i :
-
Molecular mass of species i, kg/mol
- \(M_{\Re}\) :
-
Molecular mass of reactant \(\Re\), kg/mol
- M j :
-
Molecular mass of species j, kg/mol
- \(p_{\text{ox}}\) :
-
Partial pressure of oxidant species in gas surrounding combusting particle, Pa
- p :
-
Pressure, Pa
- q g :
-
Heat flux, W/m3
- R :
-
Universal gas constant, 8.314 J/(mol K)
- Re p :
-
Particle Reynolds number
- R k :
-
Kinetic rate, s−1
- R lan :
-
Lance radius, mm
- R tuy :
-
Tuyere radius, mm
- R i,r :
-
Net rate of species production, kg/(m3 s)
- S g :
-
Mass source term of gas phase, kg/(m3 s)
- S gp :
-
Energy source term due to reaction, W/m3
- S rad :
-
Energy source term due to radiation, W/m3
- Sh :
-
Sherwood number
- Sc :
-
Schmidt number
- t :
-
Time, s
- \(T_{\infty}\) :
-
Temperature of continuous phase, K
- T p :
-
Particle temperature, K
- U g :
-
Instantaneous gas velocity, m/s
- U p :
-
Particle velocity, m/s
- U rel :
-
Relative velocity between particle and gas phase, m/s
- \(\overline{{\varvec{U}}}_{\text{g}} \) :
-
Mean velocity of gas phase, m/s
- \(\varvec{U^{\prime}}_{\text{g}}\) :
-
Fluctuation velocity of gas phase, m/s
- \(v_{{i,{{r}}}}^{\prime}\) :
-
Stoichiometric coefficient of reactant i in rth reaction
- \(v_{{\Re ,{{r}}}}^{\prime}\) :
-
Stoichiometric coefficient of reactant \(\Re\) in rth reaction
- \(v_{{j,{{r}}}}^{''}\) :
-
Stoichiometric coefficient of product j in rth reaction
- X :
-
Distance from lance tip to location of cross-section in axial direction, mm
- Y P :
-
Mass fraction of product P in chemical reaction
- \(Y_{{\Re }}\) :
-
Mass fraction of particular reactant \(\Re\)
- Y i,s :
-
Vapor mass fraction on surface
- \(Y_{i, \infty}\) :
-
Vapor mass fraction in bulk gas
- ∆:
-
Variation of lance configuration parameter
- \(\alpha_{ 1} ,\alpha_{ 2}\) :
-
Volatile yields of coal particle
- τ g :
-
Stress tensor
- ε :
-
Turbulence dissipation rate, m2/s3
- θ :
-
Lance insertion angle, (°)
- β 1, β 2 :
-
Diffusion angles, (°)
- \(\beta_{\text{cri}}^{\text{up}}\) :
-
Upward critical diffusion angle, (°)
- \(\beta_{\text{cri}}^{\text{dw}}\) :
-
Downward critical diffusion angle, (°)
- ϕ i :
-
Particle concentration at cross-section plane, kg/m3
- \(\bar{\phi }\) :
-
Average concentration of plane, kg/m3
- \(\mu_{\text{g}}\) :
-
Gas dynamic viscosity, Pa s
- ρ g :
-
Density of gas phase, kg/m3
- ρ p :
-
Density of coal particle, kg/m3
- \(\zeta\) :
-
Normally distributed random number
- η :
-
Ratio of maximum particle concentration to average concentration
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61573383).
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Zhou, Yh., Zhou, P., Dan, Jy. et al. Effects of single lance configuration on coal combustion process in tuyere from viewpoint of coal plume. J. Iron Steel Res. Int. 28, 785–798 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-020-00556-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-020-00556-0