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Bioactive compounds conservation and energy-mass analysis in the solar greenhouse drying of blackberry pulps

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Abstract

Recently, the quality of food solar dried has been associated to solar irradiance, irradiation and UV-light. Different materials used as covering materials in direct solar dryers had different optical properties, thus, different quality should be expected in solar food drying. The objective of this study was to compare two direct solar dryers builder with different covering materials: Direct Solar Drying with Poly (methyl methacrylate) (DSD), and Greenhouse Solar Drying with polyethylene (SGD), based on their three aspects: chemical composition, heat-mass transference, economic-environmental effect. Chemical composition was evaluated as the total phenolic compounds (TPC), flavonoids (TF) anthocyanins (TA) and antioxidant activity (AA) of blackberry pulp (Rubus spp). Dehydrated blackberry pulp contains lower TA than raw samples because TA is sensitive to solar irradiation and UV solar irradiation. TPC, TF and AA averages do not show significant differences among all the drying processes. Evaluation of energy and heat transfer in the evaporative and diffusive periods of the drying technologies led to an assessment of the return of investment period for DSD and SGD technologies for different power sources. The results suggest payback periods between 39 and 121 months, considering only the 6 months of harvest duration without using the solar dryers the rest of the year.

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All relevant data are available in this paper.

Abbreviations

As :

Food product surface area (m2)

Cpds :

Heat capacity of the dry solid (J/ (kg °C))

Cpw :

Heat capacity of the water (J/ (kg °C))

Cpha :

Heat capacity of the humid air (J/ (kg °C))

Dab :

Molecular diffusivity of the water in the air (m2/s)

DAx :

Diffusive coefficient (m2/s)

Deff :

Effective moisture diffusivity (m2/s)

Deff, var :

Variable effective moisture diffusivity (m2/s)

hH :

Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)

hm :

Mass transfer coefficient (kg/m2 s)

Iin :

Solar irradiance inside of the greenhouse dryer (W/m2)

k a :

Air thermal conductivity (W/m2 K)

l:

Characteristic length (m)

l0 :

Sample thickness (m)

MR:

Moisture content ratio (Dimensionless)

mp :

Mass of the product (kg)

mds :

Mass of dry solid (kg)

qc :

Thermal energy transferred by convection (MJ)

qs :

Energy loss due conduction heat (MJ)

qv :

Thermal energy required for water evaporation (MJ)

t:

Time (min)

T:

Temperature (K)

Ta :

Air drying temperature (K)

Ts :

Temperature of the food sample (K)

va :

Air velocity (m/s)

Vair, in :

Air velocity inside the greenhouse dryer (m/s)

X(t) :

Moisture content at any time (kgwater/kgdried solid)

Xe :

Moisture content at the equilibrium (kgwater/kgdried solid)

X0 :

Initial moisture content (kgwater/kgdried solid)

α:

Absorptance the food product

λ:

Latent heat of vaporization (kJ/kg)

Ø:

Diameter (m)

μ:

Viscosity (kg/m s)

ρ:

Density (kg/m3)

a:

Dry air

Ex:

Experimental

ha:

Humid air

o:

Initial

p:

Food product

s:

Surface of the product

Th:

Theoretical

w:

Water

ex:

Experimental

Fo:

Fourier number

Gr:

Grashof number

\( \overline{\mathrm{Nu}} \) :

Nusselt number

Pr:

Prandtl number

Re:

Reynolds number

Sc:

Schmidt number

\( \overline{\mathrm{Sh}} \) :

Sherwood number

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the IER of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and the CONACyT, Cátedras-CONACyT 352 project. The authors thanks to ESOLMET solar station in the IER-UNAM for the UV and solar irradiance data and IER’s solar drying laboratory for the infrastructure used. We thank Prof. P.K. Nair for enlightening comments on this paper. We thank Laura Guerrero Martínez for the determination of polyethylene optical properties. Also, we thank Iván Román Roldán for the schemes.

Funding

This study was supported by the IER of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and the CONACyT, Cátedras-CONACyT 352 project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Priv. Xochicalco s/n, Col., 62580, Centro Temixco, Morelos, Mexico

    Anabel López-Ortiz & Octavio García Valladares

  2. Posgrado en Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de Posgrado s/n, Coyoacán, Cd. Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico

    Azucena Silva Norman

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  1. Anabel López-Ortiz
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  3. Octavio García Valladares
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Contributions

A. López Ortiz and Octavio García Valladares conceived the experiments, A. López Ortiz and Azucena Silva Norman performed the experiments and A. López Ortiz and Octavio García Valladares analyzed the results. All authors wrote and reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Anabel López-Ortiz.

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López-Ortiz, A., Silva Norman, A. & García Valladares, O. Bioactive compounds conservation and energy-mass analysis in the solar greenhouse drying of blackberry pulps. Heat Mass Transfer 57, 1347–1361 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-021-03039-4

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