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A REPUBLICAN DILEMMA: CITY OR STATE? OR, THE CONCRETE REVOLUTION REVISITED

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 July 2017

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Abstract

In a well-known passage, the Greek historian Polybius, writing in the mid-second century BC, attributes Rome's success as a republic to a perfect balance of power between its constituent elements, army, senate and people (Histories 6.11); and indeed, the Republic's long survival was an achievement worth explaining. On another note, over a century later, Livy remarked how Republican Rome, with its rambling street plan and miscellany of buildings, compared unfavourably with the magnificent royal cities of the eastern Mediterranean; he put this down to hasty rebuilding after a great Gallic conflagration around 390 BC. Few scholars now accept his explanation. A handful of scholars argue for underlying rationales, usually when setting up the early city as a foil for its transformation under Augustus and subsequent emperors, and their conclusions tend towards characterizing the city's design as an unintended corollary to the annual turnover of magistrates. This article, likewise, argues for the role of government in the city's appearance; but it contends that the state of Republican urbanism was deliberate. A response, of sorts, to both ancient authors' observations, it addresses how provisions to ensure equilibrium in one of the Republic's components, the senatorial class, in the interests of preserving the res publica, came at a vital cost to the city's architectural evolution. These provisions took the form of intentional constraints (on time and money), to prevent élite Romans from building like, and thus presenting themselves as, Mediterranean monarchs. Painting with a broad chronological stroke, it traces the tension between the Roman Republic in its ideal state and the physical city, exploring the strategies élite Romans developed to work within the constraints. Only when unforeseen factors weakened the state's power to self-regulate could the built city flourish and, in doing so, further diminish the state. Many of these factors — such as increased wealth in the second century and the first-century preponderance of special commands — are known; to these, this article argues, should be added the development of concrete.

Attorno alla metà del II sec. a.C., lo storico greco Polibio attribuisce in un noto passo il successo di Roma come Repubblica al perfetto bilanciamento del potere tra i suoi elementi costitutivi: l'esercito, il senato e il popolo (Storie 6.11). Ed in effetti, la lunga durata della Repubblica era un risultato che andava spiegato. In un altro passo, successivo di oltre un secolo, Livio osserva invece come la Roma repubblicana con il suo assetto stradale incoerente e la sua mescolanza di edifici, uscisse sfavorita da un paragone con le magnifiche città regali del Mediterraneo orientale. Lo storico riconduceva questa situazione alla frettolosa ricostruzione seguita all'incendio gallico del 390 a.C. Alcuni studiosi sostengono che in questo assetto siano da riconoscere scelte razionali, ponendo generalmente la città più antica come elemento di confronto con la sua ‘trasformazione’ sotto il regno di Augusto e dei suoi successori. Le loro conclusioni tendono pertanto a caratterizzare la struttura della città come una sorta di corollario non intenzionale del turnover annuale dei magistrati. Il presente articolo sostiene concorda nel sostenere la rilevanza del ruolo giocato dal governo nell'aspetto della città; ma asserisce per contro come il tipo di urbanistica della Roma repubblicana fosse una scelta deliberata. Quasi a mo’ di risposta alle osservazioni di entrambi gli autori antichi, si mette in evidenza come i provvedimenti volti ad assicurare l'equilibrio di uno degli elementi costitutivi della Repubblica – l'ordine senatorio – nell'interesse della conservazione della res publica abbiano avuto come contropartita il tipo di evoluzione architettonica della città. Nel dettaglio queste misure hanno preso la forma di vincoli intenzionali (in termini di tempo e di risorse economiche), per evitare che i membri dell’élite potessero edificare come monarchi mediterranei, presentandosi conseguentemente come tali. L'adozione di questo approccio su di un ampio lasso cronologico mette in evidenza la tensione tra la Repubblica Romana nella sua concezione ideale e la città reale, esplorando le strategie che l’èlite romana ha sviluppato per lavorare entro specifiche limitazioni. Ne consegue che solamente quando fattori imprevisti indebolirono il potere di auto-regolamentazione dello Stato, la città poté fiorire dal punto di vista urbanistico/architettonico, sminuendo però in questo modo lo Stato stesso. Molti di questi fattori sono noti. È il caso, ad esempio, dell'incremento della ricchezza nel II sec. a.C. e della prevalenza di special commission nel I sec. a.C. E in particolare a questi fenomeni, secondo la lettura proposta in questo articolo, dovrebbe essere attribuito lo sviluppo dell'opera cementizia.

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Copyright © British School at Rome 2017 

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Footnotes

1

This article began as a paper presented at the Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference in Leicester in 2015. I am grateful to Matthew Mandich for the invitation to participate and to Andrew Wilson for further discussion. Thanks also to Mark Bradley, Seth Bernard and an anonymous reviewer. For abbreviations of ancient sources, see the Oxford Classical Dictionary.

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