Abstract
African diaspora archaeology has its roots in American plantation archaeology of the 1960s and 1970s. One of the first artifacts recovered from these contexts was the simple blue glass bead, recognized by some as signifying retentions of African belief. Simultaneously emerging in the 1970s was the field of historical mortuary archaeology, in which graves of African Americans were treated as archaeological resources for the first time. When these graves were studied scientifically, greater emphasis was placed on the skeletal biology than associated grave goods, and a very different set of questions was explored. Combining these two fields, this study documents a heretofore unrecognized pattern of not blue, but black beads and white beads—almost exclusively associated with infants and women––and ties these color choices and demographic patterns to specific West African cultures and the underlying meanings of womanhood, marriage, fertility, birth, and protection.
Extracto
La arqueología de la diáspora africana tiene sus raíces en la arqueología de las plantaciones estadounidenses de los años sesenta y setenta. Uno de los primeros artefactos recuperados de estos contextos fue la simple cuenta de cristal azul, reconocida por algunos como evidencia de la persistencia de las creencias africanas. Simultáneamente, surgió en la década de 1970 el campo de la arqueología mortuoria histórica, en el que las tumbas de los afroamericanos fueron tratadas como recursos arqueológicos por primera vez. Cuando se estudiaron estas tumbas científicamente, se hizo mayor hincapié en la biología esquelética que en los artículos asociados en las tumbas, y se exploró un conjun to muy diferente de preguntas. Al combinar estos dos campos, este estudio documenta un patrón no reconocido hasta ahora, no de cuentas azules sino de cuentas negras y blancas, asociadas casi exclusivamente con bebés y mujeres, y vincula estas elecciones de color y patrones demográficos a culturas específicas de África Occidental y los significados subyacentes de ser mujer, matrimonio, fertilidad, nacimiento y protección.
Résumé
L'archéologie de la diaspora africaine trouve ses racines dans l'archéologie de la plantation américaine dans les années 1960 et 1970. L'un des premiers artéfacts ayant été découvert dans ces contextes a été une simple perle de verre bleu, identifiée par certains comme la mémoire signifiante d'une croyance africaine. Dans les années 70, le domaine de l'archéologie funéraire historique a simultanément émergé. C'est alors que les tombes des africains-américains ont été traitées pour la première fois comme des ressources archéologiques. Lorsque ces tombes ont fait l'objet d'une étude scientifique, l'accent a été mis tout particulièrement sur la biologie du squelette plus que sur le mobilier funéraire associé, et un ensemble très différent de questions a été étudié. Combinant ces deux domaines, cette étude documente une découverte récurrente n'ayant pas jusqu'à présent été relevée et portant non pas sur des perles bleues, mais des perles noires et blanches, presque exclusivement associées aux enfants et aux femmes. Ces choix de couleurs et ces modèles démographiques sont liés aux cultures spécifiques de l'Afrique de l'Ouest et aux signifiants sous-jacents relatifs à la féminité, le mariage, la fertilité, la naissance et la protection.
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Davidson, J.M. Black and White Beads in the African Diaspora. Hist Arch 54, 681–737 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41636-020-00257-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41636-020-00257-1