Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Towards a New Profession: Counselor Professional Identity in Italy. A Delphi Study

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Counseling is a profession that began only recently in Italy, when compared to other mental health related professions. A lack of consensus on professional counselor identity seems to represent a limiting factor in the growth of the profession, since it negatively impacts on its efficacy and it can lead to counselors being confused with other mental health professionals. Because of this, the future establishment of the counseling profession in Italy is closely linked to acquiring a stronger and clearer sense of professional identity. The purpose of this Delphi study was to identify a list of essential elements characterizing counselor professional identity through the opinions of a panel of Italian expert counselors who represent diverse perspectives, and to advocate for professional regulation and certification for Italian counselors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • AltraPsicologia. (2010, October 10). La triste storia del counselor che voleva fare il terapeuta [The sad story of the counselor that wanted to be a therapist]. Retrieved February 18, 2017, from http://www.altrapsicologia.it/articoli/la-triste-storia-del-counselor-che-voleva-fare-il-terapeuta/controllare APA.

  • Alvarez, C.M., & Lee, S. (2012). An international perspective on professional counselor identity. Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory & Research, 39(1), 42–54. Retrieved March 16, 2016, from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eue&AN=86160017&site=ehost-live.

  • AssoCounseling. (2015, November 15) Il TAR Lazio accoglie il ricorso presentato dal CNOP [The Lazio regional administrative court grants the appeal lodged by the CNOP]. Retrieved March 22, 2017, from http://www.assocounseling.it/approfondimenti/articolo.asp?cod=1118.

  • AssoCounseling. (2016, April 4). La “carta di Assago” [The Assago chart]. Retrieved March 22, 2017, from http://www.assocounseling.it/approfondimenti/articolo.asp?cod=1145.

  • AssoCounseling. (2018, April 14). Verso la regolamentazione [Towards regulation]. Retrieved June 18, 2017, from http://www.assocounselingconference.it/convegno-2018/.

  • AssoCounseling. (2019, January 23). Il consiglio di Stato annulla la sentenza del TAR Lazio: premiata la linea di AssoCounseling. [The Council of State cancels the sentence of the Lazio Regional Administrative Court: the AssoCounseling line has been awarded]. Retrieved January 26, 2019, from https://www.assocounseling.it/approfondimenti/articolo.asp?cod=1296&cat=NEWS&titlenav=News.

  • Bellani, M. L. (2007). Il significato dell’intervento di counseling per l’operatore sanitario e psico-sociale italiano [The meaning of counseling intervention for Italian health and psico-social operators]. Rapporti Itisan, 10(47), 7–15. Retrieved January 22, 2017, from http://www.iss.it/binary/publ/cont/dieci47web.pdf.

  • Bellotti, G. G., & Bellani, M. L. (1997). Il counseling nell’infezione da HIV e nell’Aids. (Counselling in HIV infection and AIDS). Milano, Italia: McGraw-Hill Libri.

  • Bisazza, B. (2013, Febbrary 4). Per i «senza Albo» corsa al bollino di qualità. [For whom is “without professional guild” ‘race to the quality stamp] Il sole 24ore. Retrieved April 4, 2017, from http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/notizie/2013-08-19/professionisti-bollino-063949.shtml?uuid=Ab7E0SOI.

  • Brislin, R.W. (1969). Back-translation for cross-cultural research (Order No. 7013803). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (302466037).

  • Brislin, R. W., Lonner, W. J., & Thorndike, R. M. (1973). Cross-cultural research methods. New York: J. Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brott, P. E., & Myers, J. E. (1999). Development of professional school counselor identity. Professional School Counseling, 2(5), 339–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campagnoli, L. (2015). Counseling Familiare e dell’età evolutiva [Family and Early Childhood Counseling]. Rivista Italiana di Counseling, 2(1), 6 Retrieved May 11, 2017, from http://rivistaitalianadicounseling.it/counseling-familiare-e-delleta-evolutiva/.

  • Creswell, J.W. (2012). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com.

  • Cutcliffe, J. R., & McKenna, H. P. (2004). Expert qualitative researchers and the use of audit trails...including commentary by Koch T. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 45(2), 126–135. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02874.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalkey, N., & Helmer, O. (1963). An experimental application of the Delphi method to the use of experts. Journal of the Institute of Management Science, 9, 458–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delbecq, A. L., Van de Ven, A. H., & Gustafson, D. H. (1975). Group techniques for program planning; A guide to nominal group and Delphi processes. Retrieved June 17, 2017, from https://sites.google.com/a/umn.edu/avandeven/publications/books/group-techniques-for-program-planning.

  • Di Fabio, A. (1999). Counseling: dalla teoria all’applicazione [Counseling: from theory to application.] Roma, Italia: Giunti Editore.

  • Di Fabio, A. (2003). Counseling e relazione d’aiuto: linee guida e strumenti per l’autoverifica [Counseling and the helping relationship: Guidelines and tools for a self-evaluation]. Roma, Italia: Giunti Editore.

  • Di Fabio, A., & Sirigatti, S. (2013) Counseling. [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

  • Di Francesco, G., Ruffini, C., & Sarchielli, V. (2006). Consulenza alla persona e Counseling: Ambiti di intervento, Approcci, Ruolo e Competenze del Counselor [Personal consulting and counseling: Intervention areas, role and competencies of a counselor]. Roma, Italia: ISFOL. Retrieved March 11, 2017, from http://www.jobtel.it/JobCompass/Multimedia_web/Documenti/Isfol_Consulenza.pdf.

  • Dollarhide, C. T., & Miller, G. M. (2006). Supervision for preparation and practice of school counselors: Pathways to excellence. Counselor Education and Supervision, 45, 242–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, C. H. (2010). Counselor professional identity: Construction and validation of the Counselor Professional Identity Measure. Retrieved from ProQuest Digital Dissertations (UMI No. 3403686). Retrieved December 12, 2016, from http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/emerson_uncg_0154d_10396.pdf.

  • Fani, L. (2014). Identità e Cultura [Identity and culture]. Rivista Italiana di Counseling, 1(1), 4–5 Retrieved May 16, 2017, from http://rivistaitalianadicounseling.it/identita-e-cultura/.

  • Federcounseling. (2015, December 22). Sentenza 13,020/2015 – Cosa dicono le associazioni. [Judgment 13,020/2015 - What the associations say]. Retrieved Febbrauary 6, 2017, from http://www.federcounseling.it/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Sentenza-del-TAR-Lazio-comunicato-congiunto.pdf.

  • Fulcheri, M., & Accomazzo, R. (1999). Il counseling: Un Giano bifronte [Counseling: A two-faced Janus]. Rivista di Psicologia Individuale, 45, 57–84. Retrieved November 5, 2016, from http://www.sipi-adler.it/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/045_Mario-Fulcheri_Rossana-Accomazzo_ITA.pdf.

  • Gale, A. U., & Austin, B. D. (2003). Professionalism’s challenges to professional counselors’ collective identity. Journal of Counseling & Development., 81(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2003.tb00219.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, H., & Shulman, L. S. (2005). The professions in America today: Crucial but fragile. Daedalus, 134(3), 13–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garland, R. (1991). The mid-point on a rating scale: Is it desirable? Marketing Bulletin, 2, 66–70.

  • Gazzetta Ufficiale. (1991). Legge n 135 5 Giugno 1990, Piano degli interventi urgenti in materia di prevenzione e lotta all’ AIDS [Plan for urgent interventions on the topic of preventing and fighting AIDS]. Retrieved November 15, 2016, from https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/population/aids/italy.aids.90.pdf.

  • Gazzetta Ufficiale. (2013). Legge n. 4.14 Gennaio 2013. Disposizioni in materia di professioni organizzate [Provisions on the topic of unregulated professions s]. Retrieved May 25, 2017, from https://www.cliclavoro.gov.it/Normative/Legge_14_gennaio_2013_n.4.pdf.

  • Gibson, D. M., Dollarhide, C. T., & Moss, J. M. (2010). Professional identity development: A grounded theory of transformational tasks of new counselors. Counselor Education and Supervision, 50(1), 21–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giusti, E., & Spalletta, E. (2012). Psicoterapia e counseling. Comunanze e differenze. [Psychotherapy and counseling. Similarities and differences]. Roma, Italia: Sovera Edizioni.

  • Gupta, U. G., & Clarke, R. E. (1996). Theory and applications of the Delphi technique: A bibliography (1975–1994). Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 53(2), 185–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(96)00094-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Habibi, A., Sarafrazi, A., & Izadyar, S. (2014). Delphi technique theoretical framework in qualitative. The International Journal of Engineering and Science, 3(4), 8–13 Retrieved November 21, 2016, from http://staff.estem-uc.edu.au/taipham/files/2013/01/delphi-method-theoretical-frame-work-in-qualitative-research.pdf.

  • Hallowell, M. R., & Gambatese, J. A. (2010). Qualitative research: Application of the Delphi method to CEM research. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 136(1), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanna, F. J., & Bemak, F. (1997). The quest for identity in the counseling profession. Counselor Education and Supervision, 36(3), 194–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasson, F., Keeney, S., & McKenna, H. (2000). Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(4), 1008–1015. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01567.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hays, D. G., & Singh, A. A. (2012). Qualitative inquiry in clinical and educational settings. New York: Guilford Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Healey, A. C., & Hays, D. G. (2011). Defining counseling professional identity from a gendered perspective: Role conflict and development. Professional Issues in Counseling Journal. Retrieved April 5, 2016, from http://www.shsu.edu/~piic/DefiningCounselingProfessionalIdentityfromaGenderedPerspective.htm.

  • Hohenshil, T. H., Amundson, N. E., & Niles, S. G. (2015). Counseling around the world: An international handbook. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

  • Hough, M. (1999). Abilità di counseling: manuale per la prima formazione. Trento: Edizioni Erickson.

  • Hsu, C. C., & Sandford, B. A. (2007). The Delphi technique: making sense of consensus. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 12(10), 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal, S., & Pippon-Young, L. (2009). The Delphi method. Nursing Research, 46(2), 116–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivey, A. E., Ivey, M. B., Zalaquett, C. P., & Quirk, K. (2012). Essentials of intentional interviewing: Counseling in a multicultural world. Cengage Learning.

  • Kaplan, D. M., & Gladding, S. T. (2011). A vision for the future of counseling: The 20/20 principles for unifying and strengthening the profession. Journal of Counseling & Development, 89(3), 367–372. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00101.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, D., Tarvydas, V. M., & Gladding, S. T. M. (2014). 20/20: A vision for the future of counseling: The new consensus definition of counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development, 92(3), 366–372. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00164.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keeney, S., Hasson, F., & McKenna, H. P. (2001). A critical review of the Delphi technique as a research methodology for. Nursing. International Journal of Nursing, 38, 195–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landeta, J. (2006). Current validity of the Delphi method in social sciences. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 73(5), 467–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2005.09.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larkin, P., Dierckx de Casterlé, B., & Schotsmans, P. (2007). Multilingual translation issues in qualitative research: Reflections on a metaphorical process. Qualitative Health Research, 17(4), 468–476. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732307299258.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 140, 1–55.

  • Linstone, H. A., & Turoff, M. (Eds). (2002). The Delphi method: Techniques and application. Retrieved June 26, 2016, from http://inei.org.br/inovateca/estudos-e-pesquisas-em-inovacao/delphibook.pdf/at_download/file.

  • Malikiosi-Loizos, M., & Ivey, A. (2012). Counseling in Greece. Journal of Counseling and Development, 90(1), 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-6676.2012.00016.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAuliffe, G. (2005). The evolution of professional competence. In Handbook of adult development and learning (pp. 476–496). New York: Oxford Univeristy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moorhouse, M. (2008). Identifying benchmark competency criteria for a rehabilitation counseling clinical supervision instrument: A Delphi study. (Ph.D. dissertation. University of Florida, United States – Florida). Retrieved April 1, 2016, from Dissertations & Theses: Full Text. (Publication No. AAT 3334490).

  • Mucchielli, R. (2016). Apprendere il counseling: Manuale di autoformazione al colloquio di aiuto. Edizioni Centro Studi Erickson.

  • Myers, J. W., Sweeney, T. J., & White, V. E. (2002). Advocacy for counseling and counselors: A professional imperative. Journal of Counseling and Development, 80(4), 394–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nassar-McMillan, S., & Niles, S. (2010). Developing your identity as a professional counselor: Standards, settings, and specialties. Cengage Learning.

  • Neuer, A.A. (2011). Supervision competencies for counselor education doctoral graduates: A Delphi study (Order No. 3462952). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (880578788).

  • Neukrug, E. (2015). The world of the counselor: An introduction to the counseling profession (5th ed). Brooks/Cole: Pacific Grove.

  • Norcross, J. C., Hedges, M., & Prochaska, J. O. (2002). The face of 2010: A Delphi poll on the future of psychotherapy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33(3), 316–322. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.33.3.316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice (4th ed.). [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved June 30, 2017, from Amazon.com.

  • Perron, N., Tollerud, C., & Fisher, D. (2016). International counseling traits: Identifying counseling traits ranked most important by international counseling professionals through Q-Sort analysis. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 38(2), 159–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perussia, F. (2007). Cum sol: Immagini del counselor [Cum sol: Images of the Counselor]. Giornale di Psicologia 1(1), 42–58. Retrieved March 2, 2016, from http://www.antonelloviola.com/GiornaleDiPsicologia.2007.1.1.pdf.

  • Pistole, M. C., & Roberts, A. (2002). Mental health counseling: Toward resolving identity confusions. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 24(1), 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ponton, R. F., & Duba, J. D. (2009). The ACA code of ethics: Articulating counseling’s professional covenant. Journal of Counseling and Development: JCD, 87(1), 117–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, C. (2003). The Delphi technique: Myths and realities. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 41(4), 376–382. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02537.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prepos (2009, Febbruary,14). Presentazione dei risultati della ricerca nazionale sulla Professione di Counselor [Presentation of results of national research on the profession of Counselor]. Retrieved July 15, 2016, from http://www.prepos.it/prima%20ricerca%20nazionaleProfessioneCouns.pdf.

  • Professione [Profession] (n.d.). In Treccani vocabolario on line. Treccani, la cutlura italiana. Retrieved January 12, 2017, from http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/professione/.

  • Puglia, B. (2008). The professional identity of counseling students in master’s level CACREP accredited programs. Retrieved April 25, 2015, fromhttp://proxy.lib.odu.edu/login?url=http://searchproquest.com/docview/304412126?accountid=12967.

  • Reiner, S. M., Dobmeier, R. A., & Hernández, T. J. (2013). Perceived impact of professional counselor identity: An exploratory study. Journal of Counseling and Development, 91(2), 174–183. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00084.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Remley, T. (1995). A proposed alternative to the licensing of specialties in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 74(2), 126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Remley, T. (2013). (2013, March, 10). Il riconoscimento della professione di counseling secondo il governo degli Stati Uniti dd’America. [The recognition of the counseling profession according to the Government of the United States of America.] Retrieved March 22, 2016 ,from http://www.assocounseling.it/approfondimenti/articolo.asp?cod=872&cat=APPO.

  • Remley, T., & Herlihy, B. (2007). Ethical, legal, and professional issues in counseling. Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.

  • Remley, T., Bacchini, E., & Krieg, P. (2010). Counseling in Italy. Current status of counseling in Italy. Journal of Counseling & Development, 88, 28–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Remley, T., Mariotti, D., & Valleri, T. (2015). Counseling in Italy. In T.H. Hohenshill (Ed), N.E. Amundson (Ed), S.G. Niles (Ed), Counseling around the world: An international handbook (pp. 233–242). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

  • Runyan, H.I. (2012). Classroom management competencies for school counselors: A Delphi study. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. (3531595).

  • Sekaran, U. (1983). Methodological and theoretical issues and advancements in cross-cultural research. Journal of International Business Studies, 14(2), 61–73. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shallcross, L. (2012). What the future holds for the counseling profession. Counseling Today, 59(9), 32–44.

  • Shallcross, L. (2013). Unmistaken identity. Counseling Today, 55(9), 2837 Retrieved from www.counseling.org/docs/counseling-today-archives/march-2013.pdf?sfvrsn=6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skovholt, T. M., & Ronnestad, M. H. (1992). Themes in therapist and counselor development. Journal of Counseling and Development: JCD, 70(4), 505.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soresi, S. (2013). Aiutare le persone a costruire il loro futuro. [Helping people build their future]. Unpublished Paper presented at “Life designing and career Counseling: building hope and resilience” the International Conference of University of Padova. Padova, 2016 20th, 21 th, 22 ndJune. Retrieved May 5, 2017, from http://larios.psy.unipd.it/conference2013/docs/Preatti.pdf.

  • Spurgeon, S. (2012). Counselor identity: A national imperative. Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory and Research, 39(1), 3–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trentin, P. (2013). La Legge 4/2013, la professione del counsellor e le sfide del prossimo futuro [Law 4/2013, the counselling profession and its challenges in the near future]. Grounding - La Rivista Italiana Di Analisi Bioenergetica, 2, 109–119. https://doi.org/10.3280/GRO2013-002007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Twinn, S. (1997). An exploratory study examining the influence of translation on the validity and reliability of qualitative data in nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26, 418–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Upton, A. W. (2012). Essential components of school counselor professional identity: A Delphi study (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved February 11, 2015, from ProQuest Digital Dissertation 1,152,028,445. Retrieved from http://proxy.lib.odu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1152028445?accountid=12967.

  • Valleri, T. (2017). (2017, February, 2). Consensus Conference sul Counseling. [Consensus Conference on Counseling] Retrieved June 4, 2017, from http://www.federcounseling.it/consensus-conference-sul-counseling/.

  • Van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2001). The evolution of cross-cultural research methods. The handbook of culture and psychology, 77–97.

  • Viano, R., & Verga, V. (2007). L’immagine del Counseling secondo gli utenti potenziali. (The image of the Counseling according to potential users). Giornale Di Psicologia, 1(1), 74–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Viano, R., Boveri, R., & Civillotti, C. (2007). L’immagine del Counseling secondo gli operatori (The image of the Counseling according to operators). Giornale Di Psicologia, 1(1), (59–65). Retrieved May 15, 2017, from http://www.antonelloviola.com/GiornaleDiPsicologia.2007.1.1.pdf.

  • Wester, K.L., & Borders, L.D. (2014). Research competencies in counseling: A Delphi study. Journal of Counseling and Development, 92(4), 447–458. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.15566676.2014.00171.x.

  • Woo, H. R. (2013). Instrument construction and initial validation: Professional identity scale in counseling (PISC). Retrieved August 22, 2015, from ProQuest LLC. Retrieved from http://proxy.lib.odu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=ED554383&site=eds-live&scope=site.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declared that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mariotti, D., McAuliffe, G.J., Grothaus, T. et al. Towards a New Profession: Counselor Professional Identity in Italy. A Delphi Study. Int J Adv Counselling 41, 561–579 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-019-09376-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-019-09376-8

Keywords

Navigation