Abstract
In modern agriculture, fertilizers are the most significant prerequisite to ensure sustainable crop production, and the intervention of chemical fertilizers has markedly increased crop production and quality. Unfortunately, plants cannot uptake a significant amount of nutrients (>50%) from the applied fertilizers, resulting in low fertilizer use efficiency. The nutrient losses due to leaching, volatilization, denitrification, fixation, erosion, and runoff could result in low fertilizer use efficiency and create environmental pollution as well as a rise in the cost of fertilizer application. To minimize such losses, researchers have suggested various strategies, one of which is the synthesis and application of slow-release fertilizers to extend the bioavailability of nutrients by the sustained release throughout the crop growth period. However, the high cost of current slow-release fertilizers is a major challenge for their widespread use. Carbon-based materials, especially biochar and lignite, have been shown to be effective as soil amendment in recent times. Additionally, these materials have an excellent ability to adsorb nutrients due to their high porosity, surface area, and abundance of functional groups. The cost-effective and abundant supply of these materials across the world can serve as an excellent nutrient-carrier in order to formulate climate-smart and cost-effective slow-release fertilizers. In this review paper, the potential of these materials as nutrient carriers, nutrient adsorption and desorption mechanisms, synthesis methods, nutrient release behavior, and agronomic and environmental implications are discussed in detail for future research priorities as the literature in this direction is very limited and scattered.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Afkhami A, Madrakian T, Karimi Z (2007) The effect of acid treatment of carbon cloth on the adsorption of nitrite and nitrate ions. J Hazard Mater 144(1–2):427–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.10.062
Aguilera E, Lassaletta L, Gattinger A, Gimeno BS (2013) Managing soil carbon for climate change mitigation and adaptation in Mediterranean cropping systems: a meta-analysis. Agri Ecosys Environ 168:25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.02.003
Ahmad M, Usman ARA, Al-Faraj AS, Abduljabbar A, Ok YS, Al-Wabel MI (2018) Phosphorus-loaded biochar changes soil heavy metals availability and uptake potential of maize (Zea mays L.) plants. Chemosphere 194:327–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.156
Ahmed MF, Kennedy IR, Choudhury TM, Kecskes ML, Deaker R (2008) Phosphorus adsorption in some Australian soils and influence of bacteria on the desorption of phosphorus. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 39:1269–1294. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620802003963
Al-Shamaileh E, Al-Rawajfeh EA, Alrbaihat M (2018) Mechanochemical synthesis of slow-release fertilizers: a review. Open Agric 12:11–19. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874331501812010011
Al-Wabel MI, Hussain Q, Usman ARA, Ahmad M, Abduljabbar A, Sallam AS, Ok YS (2017) Impact of biochar properties on soil conditions and agricultural sustainability: a review. Land Degrad Dev 29(7):2124–2161. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2829
Amoah-Antwi C, Kwiatkowska-Malina J, Thornton S, Fenton O, Malina G, Szara E (2020) Restoration of soil quality using biochar and brown coal waste: a review. Sci Total Environ 722:137852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137852
Angst TE, Patterson CJ, Reay DS, Anderson P, Peshkur TA, Sohi SP (2013) Biochar diminishes nitrous oxide and nitrate leaching from diverse nutrient sources. J Environ Qual 42(3):672. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2012.0341
Atkinson CJ, Fitzgerald JD, Hipps NA (2010) Potential mechanisms for achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate soils: a review. Plant Soil 337:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0464-5
Azeem B, Kushaari KZ, Man ZB, Basit A, Thanh TH (2014) Review on materials and methods to produce controlled release coated urea fertilizer. J Controlled Release 181:11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.02.020
Azeem B, KuShaari K, Man Z, Irfan SA, Trinh TH (2017) Tumbling fluidized-bed process parameters affecting quality of biopolymer coating on surface of pristine urea particles. Powder Technol 320:714–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.07.095
Azeem B, KuShaari K, Man Z, Trinh TH (2018) Effect of fluidized-bed process variables on controlled-release of nitrogen and coating. Braz J Chem Eng 35:587–604. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-6632.20180352s20160424
Bajpai S, Swarnkar M, Ahuja S (2015) On-demand release of urea from a cellulosic hydrogel using a sprinkler based irrigation (SBI) model. J Macromol Sci A 52(10):779–785. https://doi.org/10.1080/10601325.2015.1067020
Baligar V, Bennett O (1986) NPK-fertilizer efficiency-a situation analysis for the tropics. Ferti Res 10:147–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01074369
Baris H, Dincer S (1983) Lignite based nitrogenous fertilizers. Energ Source 7(2):87–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/00908318308908078
Barrow NJ (2015) Soil phosphate chemistry and the P-sparing effect of previous phosphate applications. Plant Soil 397:401–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2514-5
Bhatnagar A, Illanpää SM (2011) A review of emerging adsorbents for nitrate removal from water. Chem Eng J 168(2):493–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.01.103
Biederman LA, Harpole WS (2012) Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta-analysis. GCB Bioenergy 5(2):202–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12037
Blackwell P, Krull E, Butler G, Herbert A, Solaiman Z (2010) Effect of banded biochar on dryland wheat production and fertilizer use in south-western Australia: an agronomic and economic perspective. Aus J Soil Res 48(6–7):531–545. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR10014
Botero WG, Oliveira LC, Rocha JC, Rosa AH, Santos A (2010) Peat humic substances enriched with nutrients for agricultural applications: competition between nutrients and non-essential metals present in tropical soils. J Hazard Mater 177:307–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.033
Buckthought LE, Clough TJ, Cameron KC, Di HJ (2015) Fertilizer and seasonal urine effects on N2O emissions from the urine-fertilizer interface of a grazed pasture. New Zealand J Agric Res 58:37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2015.1031405
Butzen S (2013) Common nitrogen fertilizers and stabilizers for corn production. In: Crop insights. vol. 23 No. 2. DuPont Pioneer, Johnston. https://www.pioneer.com/home/site/us/agronomy/common-nfert-and-stabilizers
Cai Y, Qi H, Liu Y, He X (2016) Sorption/desorption behavior and mechanism of NH4 by biochar as a nitrogen fertilizer sustained-release material. J Agric Food Chem 64(24):4958–4964. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00109
Chan KY, Zwieten VANL, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S (2007) Agronomic values of green waste biochar as a soil amendment. Aust J Soil Res 45:629–634. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR07109
Chandra S, Medha I, Bhattacharya J (2020) Potassium-iron rice straw biochar composite for sorption of nitrate, phosphate, and ammonium in soil for timely and controlled release. Sci Total Environ 712:136337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136337
Chen J, Chen TJ, Zhi MT, Tong Z (2002) Soil degradation: a global problem endangering sustainable development. J Geogr Sci 12(2):243–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02837480
Chen L, Xie Z, Zhuang X, Chen X, Jing X (2008) Controlled release of urea encapsulated by starch-g-poly(L-lactide). Carbohyd Polym 72:342–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.09.003
Chen B, Chen MZ, Lv S (2011) A novel magnetic biochar efficiently sorbs organic pollutants and phosphate. Bioresour Technol 102:716–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.067
Chen L, Qiao GZ, Li QL, Pan GX (2013) Effects of biochar-based fertilizers on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency. J Ecol Rural Environ 29(5):671–675
Chen P, Sun XM, Zhu XZ, Zhang DJ, Shen QG (2015) Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biochar-based fertilizer by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 407(20):6149–6157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8790-3
Chen L, Chen Q, Rao P, Yan L, Shakib A, Shen G (2018a) Formulating and optimizing a novel biochar-based fertilizer for simultaneous slow-release of nitrogen and immobilization of cadmium. Sustainability 10:2740. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082740
Chen Y, Camps-Arbestain M, Shen Q, Singh B, Cayuela LM (2018b) The long-term role of organic amendments in building soil nutrient fertility: a meta-analysis and review. Nutr Cycling Agroecosyst 111:103–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-017-9903-5
Chen J, Fan X, Zhang L, Chen X, Sun RC, Sun S (2020) Research progress in lignin-based slow/controlled release fertilizer. ChemSusChem 13(17):4356–4366. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202000455
Cheng H, Davey L, Jones P, Hill BSM, Long T (2017) Influence of biochar produced from different pyrolysis temperature on nutrient retention and leaching. Arch Agron Soil Sci 64(6):850–859. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2017.1384545
Chia CH, Singh PB, Joseph S, Graber RE, Munroe P (2014) Characterization of an enriched biochar. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 108:26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2014.05.021
Chien SH, Prochnow LI, Cantarella H (2009) Chapter 8 recent developments of fertilizer production and use to improve nutrient efficiency and minimize environmental impacts. Adv Agron 102:267–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2113(09)01008-6
Chintala R, Mollinedo J, Schumache ET, Papiernik KS, Malo DD, Clay ED, Gulbrandson DW (2013) Nitrate sorption and desorption in biochars from fast pyrolysis. Microporous and Mesoporous Mater 179:250–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2013.05.023
Chiriac J, Panaitescu C, Barca F (2007) Possibilities of improvement of soil quality by soft brown coal dust introduction. UPB Sci Bull Ser. 9 69(3):67–76
Chu H, Hosen Y, Yagi K (2004) Nitrogen oxide emission and microbial activities in a Japanese Andisol as affected by N-fertilizer management. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 50(2):287–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2004.10408480
Chun Y, Sheng YG, Chiou TC, Xing SB (2004) Compositions and sorptive properties of crop residue-derived chars. Environ Sci Technol 38:4649–4655. https://doi.org/10.1021/es035034w
Clough T, Condron L (2010) Biochar and the nitrogen cycle: introduction. J Environ Quality 39:1218–1233. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0204
Clough T, Condron L, Kammann C, Müller C (2013) A review of biochar and soil nitrogen dynamics. Agron 3:275–293. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy3020275
Conte P (2014) Effects of ions on water structure: a low-field 1H T1 NMR relaxometry approach. Magn Reson Chem 53(9):711–718. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrc.4174
Córdoba AL, Deladino L, Martino M (2013) Effect of starch filler on calciumalginate hydrogels loaded with yerba mate antioxidants. Carbohyd Polym 95(1):315–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.03.019
Cornelissen G, Martinsen V, Shitumbanuma V, Alling V, Breedveld G, Rutherford D, Sparrevik M, Hale D, Obia A, Mulder J (2013) Biochar effect on maize yield and soil characteristics in five conservation farming sites in Zambia. Agron 3:256–274. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy3020256
Costa MM, Cabral-Albuquerque CE, Alves LT, Pinto CJ, Fialho LR (2013) Use of polyhydroxybutyrate and ethyl cellulose for coating of urea granules. J Agric Food Chem 61(42):9984–9991. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf401185y
Cui X, Hao H, Zhang C, He Z, Yang X (2016) Capacity and mechanisms of ammonium and cadmium sorption on different wetland-plant derived biochars. Sci Total Environ 539:566–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.022
Darby I, Xu YC, Wallace MH, Joseph S, Pace B, Bai HS (2016) Short-term dynamics of carbon and nitrogen using compost, compost-biochar mixture and organo-mineral biochar. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:11267–11278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6336-7
Debska B, Maciejewska A, Kwiatkowska J (2002) The effect of fertilization with brown coal on Haplic Luvisol humic acids. ROSTLINNÁ VÝROBA 48(1):33–39. https://doi.org/10.17221/4203-PSE
Dempster DN, Jones MVD (2012) Clay and biochar amendments decreased inorganic but not dissolved organic nitrogen leaching in soil. Soil Res 50(3):216–221. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR11316
Dil M, Oelbermann M, Xue W (2014) An evaluation of biochar pre-conditioned with urea ammonium nitrate on maize (Zea mays L.) production and soil biochemical characteristics. Can J Soil Sci 94(4):551–562. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss-2014-010
Dimin MF, Shaaban A, Hashim MM (2014) Urea impregnated biochar to minimize nutrients loss in paddy soils. Int J Automot Mech Eng 10(1):2016–2024. https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.10.2014.18.0169
Ding Y, Liu XY, Wu XW, Shi ZD, Yang M, Zhong KZ (2010) Evaluation of biochar effects on nitrogen retention and leaching in multi-layered soil columns. Water Air Soil Pollut 213(1/4):47–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0366-4
Domingues MT, Buenoa CC, Watanabea HC, Fracetoa FL, Loyola-Liceac CJ, Crowleyb D, Rosa HA (2014) Polymeric alginate microspheres containing biochar to immobilize phosphate ions. Chem Eng Trans 37:109–114. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1437019
Dong D, Wang C, Van-Zwieten L, Wang H, Jiang P, Zhou M, Wu W (2020) An effective biochar-based slow-release fertilizer for reducing nitrogen loss in paddy fields. J Soils Sediments 20:3027–3040. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02401-8
Dorneanu A, Anton I, Oprica I (2012) Organomineral fertilizers on the lignite support-ecological sources of balanced fertilization of crops in sustainable agriculture. Annals Acad. of Romanian Scien. Ser: Agric. Silvic Veter Medi Sci 1:77–86
Dos-Santos BR, Bacalhau BF, Pereira DS, Souza FC, Faez R (2015) Chitosan montmorillonite microspheres: a sustainable fertilizer delivery system. Carbohydr Polym 127:340–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.064
Doydora SA, Cabrera LM, Das CK, Gaskin WJ, Sonon SL, Miller PW (2011) Release of nitrogen and phosphorus from poultry litter amended with acidified biochar. Int J Environ Res Public Health 8(5):1491–1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8051491
Ducey TF, Novak MJ, Johnson GM (2015) Effects of biochar blends on microbial community composition in two coastal plain soils. Agriculture 5(4):1060–1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture5041060
Dugdug AA, Chang XS, Sik Y, Rajapaksha UA, Anyia A (2018) Phosphorus sorption capacity of biochars varies with biochar type and salinity level. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:25799–25812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1368-9
Duhan JS, Kumar R, Kumar N, Kaur P, Nehra K, Duhan S (2017) Nanotechnology: the new perspective in precision agriculture. Biotechnol Rep 15:11–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2017.03.002
Eazhilkrishna N, Thilagavathi T, Baskar M (2017) Ecofriendly utilization of nutrient enriched biochar from sugar industry wastes and its effect on yield and NPK uptake by hybrid maize grown in vertisol. Inter J Agric Sci 9(31):4456–4459
Elhassani CE, Essamlali Y, Aqlil M, Nzenguet MA, Ganetri I, Zahouily M (2019) Urea-impregnated HAP encapsulated by lignocellulosic biomass-extruded composites: a novel slow-release fertilizer. Environ Technol Innov 15:100403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2019.100403
El-Sharkawi HM, Tojo S, Chosa T, Malhat F, Youssef AM (2018) Biochar-ammonium phosphate as an uncoated-slow release fertilizer in sandy soil. Biomass Bioener 117:154–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.07.007
Essawy HA, Ghazy MBM, El-Hai. AF, Mohamed FM (2016) Superabsorbent hydrogels via graft polymerization of acrylic acid from chitosan-cellulose hybrid and their potential in controlled release of soil nutrients. Int J Biol Macromol 89:144–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.071
Farrar MB, Wallace MH, Xu C (2019) Short-term effects of organo-mineral enriched biochar fertiliser on ginger yield and nutrient cycling. J Soils Sediments 19:668–682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-2061-9
Feng G, Ma Y, Zhang M, Jia P, Hu L, Liu C, Zhou Y (2019) Polyurethane-coated urea using fully vegetable oil-based polyols: Design, nutrient release and degradation. Prog Org Coat 133:267–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2019.04.053
Ferguson J (2002) Not so basic black offers fertilizer efficiency. What is black urea advanced nutrients, Australia
Fischer D, Glaser B (2012) Synergisms between compost and biochar for sustainable soil amelioration. In: Kumar S (ed) Management of organic waste. Rijeka and Shanghai, In Tech, pp 167–198. https://doi.org/10.5772/31200
Fosso-Kankeu E, Mittal H, Mishra SB, Mishra AK (2015) Gum ghatti and acrylic acid based biodegradable hydrogels for the effective adsorption of cationic dyes. J Indus Eng Chem 22:171–178
Fu J, Wang C, Chen X, Huang Z, Chen D (2018) Classification research and types of slow controlled release fertilizers (SRFs) used: a review. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 49(17):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2018.1499757
Gaetano M, Polinori P, Tei F, Benincasa P, Turchetti L (2016) An economic analysis of the efficiency and sustainability of fertilization programs at level of operational systems of soft wheat in Umbria. Agric Agric Sci Procedia 8:298–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.02.024
Gai X, Wang H, Liu J, Zhai L, Liu S, Ren T, Liu H (2014) Effects of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature on biochar adsorption of ammonium and nitrate. PLoS One 9(12):E113888. https://doi.org/10.1371/J.pone.0113888
Galloway JN, Cowling BE (2002) Reactive nitrogen and the world: 200 years of change. AMBIO A J Environ Saf 31(2):64–71. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-31.2.64
Gamiz B, Velarde P, Spokas AK, Hermosín CM, Cox L (2017) Biochar soil additions affect herbicide fate: importance of application timing and feedstock species. J Agric Food Chem 65(15):3109–3117. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00458
Giroto AS, Guimarães FM, Ribeiro C (2017) Role of slow-release nano-composite fertilizers on nitrogen and phosphate availability in soil. Sci Rep 7:46032. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46032
Glaser B, Wiedner K, Seelig S, Schmidt PH, Gerber H (2014) Biochar organic fertilizers from natural resources as substitute for mineral fertilizers. Agron Sustain Dev 35:667–678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0251-4
Gonzalez M, Cea M, Medina J, Gonzalez A, Diez CM, Cartes P, Monreal C, Navia R (2015) Evaluation of biodegradable polymers as encapsulating agents for the development of a urea controlled-release fertilizer using biochar as support material. Sci Total Environ 505:446–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.014
Gorodnij MM, Gryschenko VO, Henhalo MO (n.d.) Getting organo-mineral fertilizer of prolonged action Academician of National Academy of Sciencs, Candidates of Agricultural Sciences, Ukraine. http://nd.nubip.edu.ua/2013_2/13gmm_eng.pdf
Gowariker V, Krishnamurthy NV, Gowariker S, Dhanorkar M, Paranjape K, Borlaug N (2009) Urea ammonium nitrate. In: The fertilizer encyclopedia. A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication, Hoboken
Grutzmacher P, Puga PA, Bibar MPS, Coscione AR, Packer AP, Andrade CA (2018) Carbon stability and fertilizer induced N2O emissions mitigation in soil treated with biochar. Sci Total Environ 625:1459–1466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.196
Guan Y, Song C, Gan Y, Li FM (2013) Increased maize yield using slow-release attapulgite-coated fertilizers. Agron Sustain Dev 34(3):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0193-2
Guertal EA (2009) Slow-release nitrogen fertilizers in vegetable production. A review. Hort technol 19(1):16–19. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.19.1.16
Gwenzi W, Nyambishi TJ, Chaukura N, Mapope N (2018) Synthesis and nutrient release patterns of a biochar-based N-P-K slow-release fertilizer. Int J Environ Sci Technol 15:405–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-017-1399-7
Hafshejani LD, Hooshmand A, Naseri AA, Mohammadi AS, Abbasi F, Bhatnagar A (2016) Removal of nitrate from aqueous solution by modifed sugarcane bagasse biochar. Ecol Eng 95:101–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.06.035
Hagemann N, Joseph S, Schmidt H, Kammann CI, Harter J, Borch T, Kappler A (2017) Organic coating on biochar explains its nutrient retention and stimulation of soil fertility. Nat Commun 8:1089. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01123-0
Haider G, Steffens D, Moser G, Müller C, Kammann CI (2017) Biochar reduced nitrate leaching and improved soil moisture content without yield improvements in a four-year field study. Agric Ecosyst Environ 237:80–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.019
Halajnia A, Oustan S, Najafi N, Khataee AR, Lakzian A (2013) Adsorption-desorption characteristics of nitrate, phosphate and sulfate on Mg-Al layered double hydroxide. Appl Clay Sci 80–81:305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2013.05.002
Hale SE, Alling V, Martinsen V, Mulder J, Breedveld GD, Cornelissen (2013) The sorption and desorption of phosphate-P, ammonium-N and nitrate-N in cacao shell and corn cob biochars. Chemosphere 91(11):1612–1619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.057
Hauck RD (1985) Slow release and bio-inhibitor amended nitrogen fertilizers. In: Engelstad OP (ed) Fertilizer technology and use, 3rd edn. SSSA, Madison, WI, pp 293–322. https://doi.org/10.2136/1985.fertilizertechnology.c
Havlin J, Heiniger R (2020) Soil fertility management for better crop production. Agron 10(9):1349. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091349
Haytham MESS, Tojo S, Chosa T, Malhat MF, Youssef MA (2018) Biochar-ammonium phosphate as an uncoated-slow release fertilizer in sandy soil. Biomass Bioener 117:154–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.07.007
He Y, Wu Z, Tu L, Han Y, Zhang G, Li C (2015) Encapsulation and characterization of slow-release microbial fertilizer from the composites of bentonite and alginate. Appl Clay Sci 109–110:68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.02.001
Hina K, Bishop P, Camps-Arbestain M, Calvelo-Pereira R, Maciá-Agulló AJ, Hindmarsh J, Hanly AJ, Macías F, Hedley M (2010) Producing biochars with enhanced surface activity through alkaline pretreatment of feedstocks. Aust J Soil Res 48:606–661. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR10015
Hoffmann K, Hoffmann J (2007) The utilization of peat, lignite and industrial wastes in the production of mineral-organic fertilizers. Am J Agric Biol Sci 2(4):254–259. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2007.254.259
Holkar CR, Jadhav JA, Bhavsar SP, Kannan S, Pinjari D, Pandit BA (2016) Acoustic cavitation assisted alkaline hydrolysis of wool based keratins to produce organic amendment fertilizers. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 4(5):2789–2796. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00298
Hollister CC, Bisogni JJ, Lehmann J (2013) Ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate sorption to and solute leaching from biochars prepared from corn stover (Zea mays L.) and oak wood (Quercus spp.). J Environ Qual 42(1):137–144. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2012.0033
Huang X (2016) Pre-charged biochar and zeolite as soilless substrate amendments and slow release fertilizers: effects on basil and spinach quality. M. Sc. Thesis, Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montreal
Huang M, Fan L, Jiang L, Yang S, Zou Y, Uphoff N (2019) Continuous applications of biochar to rice: Effects on grain yield and yield attributes. J Integr Agric 18(3):563–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(18)61993-8
Hunt P, Cantrel K, Bauer P, Miller J (2013) Phosphorous fertilization of ryegrass with ten precisely prepared manure biochars. Trans ASABE 56(6):1317–1324. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.56.10294
Hutchinson C, Simonne SJ, Meldrum L-WP (2002) Testing of controlled release fertilizer programs for seep irrigated Irish potato production. J Plant Nut 26(9):1709–1723. https://doi.org/10.1081/PLN-120023277
Ippolito JA, Novak MJ, Busscher WJ, Ahmedna MB, Rehrah D, Watts WD (2012) Switch grass biochar affects two aridisols. J Environ Qual 41(4):1123–1130. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0100
Ippolito JA, Spokas KA, Novak JM, Lentz RD, Cantrell KB (2015) Biochar elemental composition and factors influencing nutrient retention. In: Lehmann J, Joseph S (eds.) Biochar for Envrionmental Management: Science, technology and Implementation, 3edn. Routledge, pp. 137–161
Jassal RS, Johnson MS, Molodovskaya M, Black AT, Jollymore A, Sveinson K (2015) Nitrogen enrichment potential of biochar in relation to pyrolysis temperature and feedstock quality. J Environ Manage 152:140–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.01.021
Jeffery S, Abalos D, Spokas AK, Verheijen AG (2015) Biochar effects on crop yield. In: Lehmann J, Joseph S (eds) Biochar for environmental management. Earthscan, London, pp 301–326
Jia Y, Hu Z, Mu J, Zhang W, Xie Z, Wang G (2020) Preparation of biochar as a coating material for biochar-coated urea. Sci Total Environ 731:139063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139063
Jibril B, Houache O, Al-Maamari R, Al-Rashidi B (2008) Effects of H3PO4 and KOH in carbonization of lignocellulosic material. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 83(2):151–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2008.07.003
Jin S, Wang Y, He J, Yang Y, Yu X, Yue G (2013) Preparation and properties of a degradable interpenetrating polymer networks based on starch with water retention, amelioration of soil, and slow release of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. J Appl Polym Sci 128(1):407–415. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.38162
Johnston AE, Goulding TWK (1992) Potassium concentrations in surface and groundwaters and the loss of potassium in relation to land use. Potassium in Ecosystems. In: Proceedings 23rd Colloquium of the International Potash Institute. Prague, International Potash Institute (IPI), Berne, pp 135–158
Joseph S, Graber ER, Chia C, Munroe P (2013) Shifting paradigms: development of high-efficiency biochar fertilizers based on nano-structures and soluble components. Carbon Manag 4(3):323–343. https://doi.org/10.4155/cmt.13.23
Joseph S, Husson O, Graber E, Van Zwieten L, Taherymoosavi S, Thomas T, Nielsen S, Ye J, Pan G, Chia C, Munroe P, Allen J, Lin Y, Fan X, Donne S (2015) The electrochemical properties of biochars and how they affect soil redox properties and processes. Agron 5(3):322–340. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy5030322
Kabe T, Ishihara A, Qian WE, Sutrisna PI, Kabe Y (2004) Coal and coal-related compounds: structures, reactivity and catalytic reactions. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Kalembasa S, Tengler S (2004) The role of lignite in fertilization and environmental protection. Publishing House of the University of Podlasie, Siedlce
Kammann CI, Schmidt PH, Messerschmidt N, Linsel S, Steffens D, Müller C, Koyro WH, Conte P, Stephen J (2015) Plant growth improvement mediated by nitrate capture in co-composted biochar. Sci Rep 5(1):11080. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11080
Kammann C, Glaser B, Schmid PH (2016) Combining biochar and organic amendments. In: Shackley S, Ruysschaert G, Zwart K, Glaser B (eds) Biochar in European soils and agriculture: Science and practice. Routledge, New York, pp 136–164
Karer J, Wimmer B, Zehetner F, Kloss S, Soja G (2013) Biochar application to temperate soils: effects on nutrient uptake and crop yield under field conditions. Agric Food Sci 22:390–403. https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.8155
Karhu K, Mattila T, Bergström I, Regina K (2011) Biochar addition to agricultural soil increased CH4 uptake and water holding capacity-results from a short-term pilot fled study. Agric Ecosys Environ 140(1):309–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.12.005
Karim AA, Kumar M, Singh KS, Panda RC, Mishra KB (2017) Potassium enriched biochar production by thermal plasma processing of banana peduncle for soil application. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 123:165–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2016.12.009
Keränen A, Leiviska T, Hormi O, Tanskanen J (2015) Removal of nitrate by modified pine sawdust: effects of temperature and co-existing anions. J Environ Manage 147:46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.09.006
Khan MA, Kim WK, Mingzhi W, Lim KB, Lee WH, Lee JY (2008) Nutrient-impregnated charcoal: an environmentally friendly slow-release fertilizer. Environmentalist 28(3):231–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-007-9133-5
Khan MA, Ahn TV, Kumar M, Lee W, Min B, Kim G (2011) Adsorption studies for the removal of nitrate using modified lignite granular activated carbon. Sep Sci Technol 46(16):2575–2584. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2011.601782
Kim KS, Park M, Choi CL, Lee HD, Seo YJ, Kim YC, Kim SJ, Yun SI, Ro HM, Komarneni S (2011) Suppression of NH3 and N2O emissions by massive urea intercalation in montmorillonite. J Soils Sediments 11(3):416–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-010-0326-z
Kim JK, Lee JD, Ravindran B, Jeong HK, Wong CWJ, Selvam A, Karthikey PO, Hoon J (2017) Evaluation of integrated ammonia recovery technology and nutrient status with an in-vessel composting process for swine manure. Bioresour Technol 245(A):365–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.083
Kizito DS, Luo H, Lu J, Bah H, Dong R, Wu S (2019) Role of nutrient-enriched biochar as a soil amendment during maize growth: exploring practical alternatives to recycle agricultural residuals and to reduce chemical fertilizer. Sustainability 11(11):1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113211
Klasson TK, Uchimiya M, Lima MI (2014) Uncovering surface area and micropores in almond shell biochars by rainwater wash. Chemosphere 111:129–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.065
Koduru JR, Lingamdinne LP, Singh J, Choo HK (2016) Effective removal of bisphenol A (BPA) from water using a goethite/activated carbon composite. Process Saf Environ Prot 103:87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2016.06.038
Krol-Domańska K, Smolinska B (2012) Advantages of lignite addition in purification process of soil polluted by heavy metals. Biotechnol Food Sci 76:51–58
Kumar S, Masto RE, Ram CL, Sarkar P, George J, Selvi AV (2013) Biochar preparation from Parthenium hysterophorus and its potential use in soil application. Ecol Eng 55:67–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.02.011
Kwiatkowska J (2007) Evaluation of brown coal as a effective source of organic matter in anthropologically transformed soil. Inż Ochr Środ 10(1):71–85 (in Polish)
Kwiatkowska J, Provenzano MR, Senesi N (2008) Long term effects of a brown coal-based amendment on the properties of soil humic acids. Geoderma 148(2):200–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.10.001
Labbé N, Johnson A, Kim P (2013) Development of nutrient-embedded biochar pellets as a slow-release fertilizer for maximizing bioenergy crop production. A final report submitted to the Southeastern Sun Grant Center by the Center for Renewable Carbon and Department of Biosystem Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN 37996. Available at https://ag.tennessee.edu/sungrant/Documents
Lal R (2009) Soils and food sufficiency. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 29:113–133. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2008044
Lammel J (2005) Cost of the different options available to the farmers: current situation and prospects. In: IFA International Workshop on Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers. Frankfurt. International Fertilizer Industry Association, Paris, pp 1–9
Lapcikova B, Lapcik J (2006) Air plasma treated lignite as a sorption material of ammonium ions from waste waters. J Polym Mater 23(2):133–142 file:///C:/Users/Dell/Downloads/J_Polym_Mat_2006_lignite.pdf
Lee JW, Hawkins B, Day MD, Reicosky CD (2010) Sustainability: the capacity of smokeless biomass pyrolysis for energy production, global carbon capture and sequestration. Energy Environ Sci 3(11):1965–1705. https://doi.org/10.1039/C004561F
Lehmann J, Joseph S (2009) Biochar for environmental management: an introduction. In: Lehmann J, Joseph S (eds) Biochar for environmental management. Earthscan Publishers, London, pp 1–12
Lehmann J, Joseph S (2015) Biochar for Environmental Management: Science, Technology and Implementation, 2nd edn. Oxon, Routledge
Li JY, Hua QX, Tan JF, Zhou JM, Hou YL (2005) Mineral coated fertilizer effect on nitrogen-use efficiency and yield of wheat. Pedosphere 15:526–531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-020-10108-3
Li F, Cao X, Zhao L, Wang J, Ding Z (2014) Effects of mineral additives on biochar formation: carbon retention, stability, and properties. Environ Sci Technol 48(19):11211–11217. https://doi.org/10.1021/es501885n
Li X, Li Q, Xu X, Su Y, Yue Q, Gao B (2016) Characterization, swelling and slow-release properties of a new controlled release fertilizer based on wheat straw cellulose hydrogel. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 60:564–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.10.027
Li Y, Sun Y, Liao S, Zou G, Zhao T, Chen Y, Yang J, Zhang L (2017) Effects of two slow-release nitrogen fertilizers and irrigation on yield, quality, and water-fertilizer productivity of greenhouse tomato. Agric Water Manag 186:139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.02.006
Liao J, Liu X, Hu A, Song H, Chen X, Zhang Z (2020) Effects of biochar-based controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen-use efficiency of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Sci Rep 10:11063. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67528-y
Lin Y, Munroe P, Joseph S, Zwieten LV, Kimber S (2012) Nanoscale organo-mineral reactions of biochars in ferrosol: an investigation using microscopy. Plant Soil 357(1–2):369–380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1169-8
Lin Y, Munroe P, Joseph S, Ziolkowski A, Zwieten VL, Kimber S, Rust J (2013) Chemical and structural analysis of enhanced biochars: thermally treated mixtures of biochar, chicken litter, clay and minerals. Chemosphere 91(1):35–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.063
Liu LJ, Peng TF, Wang XL (2010) Effects of bag-controlled release fertilizer on nitrogen utilization rate, growth and fruiting of the ‘Fuji’ apple. J Plant Nutr 33:1904–1913. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2010.512050
Liu X, Qu J, Li L, Zhang A, Zheng J, Pan G (2012) Can biochar amendment be an ecological engineering technology to depress N2O emission in rice paddies?-a cross site field experiment from South China. Ecol Eng 42:168–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.01.016
Liu Z, He T, Cao T, Yang T, Meng J, Chen W (2017) Effects of biochar application on nitrogen leaching, ammonia volatilization and nitrogen use efficiency in two distinct soils. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 17(2):515–528. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162017005000037
Liu X, Liao J, Song H, Yang Y, Guan C, Zhang Z (2019) A biochar-based route for environmentally friendly controlled release of nitrogen: urea-loaded biochar and bentonite composite. Sci Rep 9:9548. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46065-3
Lobartini JC, Tan HK, Rema AJ, Gingle RA, Pape C, Himmelsbach SD (1992) The geochemical nature and agricultural importance of commercial humic matter. Sci Total Environ 113(1–2):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90013-I
Loganathan P, Vigneswaran S, Kandasamy J (2013) Enhanced removal of nitrate from water using surface modification of adsorbents: a review. J Environ Manage 131:363–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.09.034
Lozano-Castello D, Lillo-Rodenas MA, Cazorla-Amoros D, Linares-Solano A (2001) Preparation of activated carbons from Spanish anthracite: I. Activation by KOH. Carbon 39(5):741–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00185-8
Lu C, Tian H (2017) Global nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use for agriculture production in the past half century: shifted hot spots and nutrient imbalance. Earth Syst Sci Data Discuss 9:181–192. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2016-35
Lu S, Gao C, Wang X, Xu X, Bai X, Gao N, Feng C, Wei Y, Wu L, Liu M (2014) Synthesis of a starch derivative and its application in fertilizer for slow nutrient release and water-holding. RSC Adv 4(93):51208–51214. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA06006G
Lubkowski K, Pomeranian W (2017) Fertilizers with a delayed nutrient release. Advanced Mater Technol Environ Appl 1(1):38–47
Lum YH, Shaaban A, Mohamad N, Dimin F, Yatim NM (2015) Boric acid modified starch polyvinyl alcohol matrix for slow release fertilizer. e-Polymers 16(2):151–158. https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2015-0259
Major J, Lehmann J, Rondon M, Goodale C (2009) Fate of soil-applied black carbon: downward migration, leaching and soil respiration. Glob Change Biol 16(4):1366–1379. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02044.x
Major J, Rondon M, Molina D, Riha JS, Lehmann J (2010) Maize yield and nutrition during 4 years after biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol. Plant and Soil 333:117–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0327-0
Mandal S, Thangarajan R, Bolan NS, Sarkar B, Khan N, Ok YS, Naidu R (2016) Biochar-induced concomitant decrease in ammonia volatilization and increase in nitrogen use efficiency by wheat. Chemosphere 142:120–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.086
Mandal A, Singh N, Purakayastha TJ (2017) Characterization of pesticide sorption behaviour of slow pyrolysis biochars as low cost adsorbent for atrazine and imidacloprid removal. Sci Total Environ 577:376–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.204
Manikandan A, Subramanian KS (2015) Ability of urea impregnated biochar fertilizers for securing the slow release of nitrogen in soils-preliminary study. Int J Agric Sci 7(11):750–756. https://doi.org/10.9735/0975-3710.7.11
Manna S, Singh N, Purakayastha TJ, Bern A (2017) Effect of deashing on physico-chemical properties of wheat and rice straw biochars and potential sorption of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl. Arab J Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.10.005
Mendonça F, de G, da Cunha IT, Soares RR, Tristão JC, Lago RM (2017) Tuning the surface properties of biochar by thermal treatment. Bioresour Tech 246:28–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.099
Mikos-Szymańska M, Schab S, Rusek P, Borowik K, Bogusz PM (2019) Preliminary study of a method for obtaining brown coal and biochar based granular compound fertilizer. Waste Biomass Valorization 10:3673–3685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-019-00655-4
Morales M, Comerford N, Guerrini I, Falcão N, Reeves J (2013) Sorption and desorption of phosphate on biochar and biochar–soil mixtures. Soil Use Manage 29(3):306–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12047
Mukherjee A, Zimmerman AR, Harris W (2011) Surface chemistry variations among a series of laboratory-produced biochars. Geoderma 163(3):247–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.04.021
Mulder W, Gosselink R, Vingerhoeds M, Harmsen P, Eastham D (2011) Lignin based controlled release coatings. Ind Crops Prod 34(1):915–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.02.011
Murti SSD, Arfiana E, Finalis R, Noor H, Suratno E, Rosyadi H, Saputra R, Noda (2020) Development of carbon based NPK slow release fertilizer using biochar from oil palm empty fruits bunch. Indonesian J Energy 3(1):19–24. https://doi.org/10.33116/ije.v3i1.45
Nartey OD, Zhao B (2014) Biochar preparation, characterization, and adsorptive capacity and its effect on bioavailability of contaminants: an overview. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2014:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/715398
Naz MY, Sulaiman SA (2016) Slow-release coating remedy for nitrogen loss from conventional urea: a review. J Control Release 225(10):109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.037
Nazari MA (2017) The use of brown coal for the removal of nutrients from wastewater. Ph.D. thesis. College of Science, Engineering and Health, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne
Nelson KA, Paniagua SM, Motavalli PP (2009) Effect of polymer coated urea, irrigation, and drainage on nitrogen utilization and yield of corn in a clay and soil. Agron J 101(3):681–687. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2008.0201
Nguyen TTN, Wallace HM, Xu CY, Xu Z, Farrar MB, Joseph S, Van Zwieten L, Bai SH (2017) Short-term effects of organo-mineral biochar and organic fertilisers on nitrogen cycling, plant photosynthesis, and nitrogen use efficiency. J Soils Sediments 17:2763–2774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-017-1839-5
Ni B, Liu M, Lu S (2009) Multifunctional slow-release urea fertilizer from ethylcellulose and superabsorbent coated formulations. Chem Eng J 155:892–898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.08.025
Ni B, Lü S, Liu M (2012) Novel multinurient fertilizer and its effect on slow release, water holding, and soil amending. Ind Eng Chem Res 51:12993–13000. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie3003304
Notario-del-Pino JS, Padron IJA, Martin MMG, Herndndez JGE (1995) Phosphorus and potassium release from phillipsite-based slow-release fertilizers. J Control Release 34(1):25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-3659(94)00116-C
Novak JM, Cantrell KB, Watts DW (2013) Compositional and thermal evaluation of lignocellulosic and poultry litter chars via high and low temperature pyrolysis. Bioenergy Res 6:114–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-012-9228-9
Nowicki P (2016) Effect of heat treatment on the physicochemical properties of nitrogen-enriched activated carbons. J Therm Anal Calorim 125(3):1017–1024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-5254-8
Nyborg M, Solberg ED, Pauly DG (1998) Controlled release of phosphorus fertilizers by small, frequent additions in water solution. Can. J Soil Sci 78(2):317–320. https://doi.org/10.4141/S96-098
Ok YS, Chang SX, Gao B, Chung HJ (2015) SMART biochar technology-a shifting paradigm towards advanced materials and healthcare research. Environ Technol Innov 4:206–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2015.08.003
Paiva DM, Cantarutti RB, Guimarães GGF, Silva IR (2012) Urea coated with oxidized charcoal reduces ammonia volatilization. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 36(4):1221–1230. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832012000400016
Pandit NR, Mulder J, Hale SE, Schmidt HP, Cornelissen G, Cowie A (2017) Biochar from “Kon Tiki” flame curtain and other kilns: effects of nutrient enrichment and kiln type on crop yield and soil chemistry. PloS One 12(4):e0176378. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176378
Pang L, Gao Z, Feng H, Wang WQ (2019) Cellulose based materials for controlled release formulations of agrochemicals: a review of modifications and applications. J Control Release 316:105–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.11.004
Paramashivam D, Clough TJ, Carlton A, Gough K, Dickinson N, Horswell J, Sherlock RR, Cluca L, Robinson BH (2016) The effect of lignite on nitrogen mobility in a low-fertility soil amended with biosolids and urea. Sci Total Environ 543:601–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.075
Peng Z, Chen F (2011) Synthesis and properties of lignin-based polyurethane hydrogels. Int J Polym Mater 60(9):674–683. https://doi.org/10.1080/00914037.2010.551353
Pereira EI, Cruz CCTD, Solomon A, Le A, Cavigelli MA, Ribeiro C (2015) Novel slow-release nano-composite nitrogen fertilizers: the impact of polymers on nano-composite properties and function. Ind Eng Chem Res 54:3717–3725. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00176
Perez JJ, Francois NJ (2016) Chitosan-starch beads prepared by ionotropic gelation as potential matrices for controlled release of fertilizers. Carbohydr Polym 148:134–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.054
Pignatello JJ, Kwon S, Lu Y (2006) Effect of natural organic substances on the surface and adsorptive properties of environmental black carbon (char): attenuation of surface activity by humic and fulvic acids. Environ Sci Tech 40(24):7757–7763. https://doi.org/10.1021/es061307m
Pogorzelski D, Filho JFL, Matias PC, Santos WO, Vergütz L, Melo LCA (2020) Biochar as composite of phosphate fertilizer: characterization and agronomic effectiveness. Sci Total Environ 743:140604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140604
Pypers P, Sanginga JM, Kasereka B, Walangululu M, Vanlauwe B (2011) Increased productivity through integrated soil fertility management in cassava–legume intercropping systems in the highlands of Sud-Kivu, DR Congo. Field Crop Res 120(1):76–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2010.09.004
Qi Y Hoadley AFA, Chaffee AL, Garnier G (2011a) Characterization of lignite as an industrial adsorbent. Fuel 90(4): 1567–1574. 10.1016/j.fuel.2011.01.015
Qian L, Chen L, Joseph S, Pan G, Li L, Zheng J, Zhang X, Zheng J, Yu X, Wang J (2014) Biochar compound fertilizer as an option to reach high productivity but low carbon intensity in rice agriculture of China. Carbon Manag 5(2):145–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2014.912866
Qiao D, Liu H, Yu L, Bao X, Simon GP, Petinakis E, Chen L (2016) Preparation and characterization of slow-release fertilizer encapsulated by starch-based superabsorbent polymer. Carbohydr Polym 147:146–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.010
Rajapaksha AU, Chen SS, Tsang DCW, Zhang M, Vithanage M, Mandal S, Gao B, Bolan NS, Ok YS (2016) Engineered/designer biochar for contaminant removal/immobilization from soil and water: Potential and implication of biochar modification. Chemosphere 148:276–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.043
Rashidzadeh A, Olad A (2014) Slow-released NPK fertilizer encapsulated by NaAlg-g-poly(AA-co-AAm)/MMT superabsorbent nanocomposite. Carbohydr Polym 114:269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.010
Rattanamanee A, Niamsup H, Srisombat L, Punyodom W, Watanesk R, Watanesk S (2014) Role of chitosan on some physical properties and the urea controlled release of the silk fibroin/gelatin hydrogel. J Polym Environ 23:334–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-014-0703-6
Rawal A, Joseph SD, Hook JM, Chia CH, Munroe PR, Donne S, Lin Y, Phelan D, Mitchell DRG, Pace B, Horvat J Webber JW (2016) Mineral-biochar composites: molecular structure and porosity. Environ Sci Technol 50(14): 7706–7714. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00685
Reverchon F, Flicker RC, Yang H, Yan G, Xu ZH, Chen C, Hosseini SB, Zhang D (2014) Changes in δ15N in a soil-plant system under different biochar feedstocks and application rates. Bio Fertil Soils 50:275–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-013-0850-2
Richards D, Lane M, Beardsell DV (1986) The influence of particle size distribution in pinebark sand brown coal potting mixes on water supply, aeration and plant growth. Sci Hortic 29(1–2):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(86)90025-7
Rickson RJ, Deeks LK, Graves A, Harris JAH, Kibblewhite MG, Sakrabani R (2015) Input constraints to food production: the impact of soil degradation. Food Secur 7:351–364
Riyajan SA, Sasithornsonti Y, Phinyocheep P (2012) Green natural rubber-g-modified starch for controlling urea release. Carbohydr Polym 89(1):251–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.004
Rogovska R, Laird D, Cruse R, Fleming P, Parkin T, Meek D (2011) Impact of Biochar on manure carbon stabilization and greenhouse gas emissions. Soil Sci Soc Am J 75(3):871–879. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2010.0270
Ropa K, Karukub GN, Njomoa DMN, Michira I (2019) Evaluating the effects of formulated nano-NPK slow-release fertilizer composite on the performance and yield of maize, kale and capsicum. Ann Agric Sci 64:9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2019.05.010
Rose MT, Perkins EL, Saha BK, Tang ECW, Cavagnaro TR, Jackson WR, Hapgood KP, Hoadley AFA, Patti AF (2016) A slow release nitrogen fertilizer produced by simultaneous granulation and superheated steam drying of urea with brown coal. Chem Biol Technol 3(10). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-016-0062-8
Sabadini RC, Martins VCA, Pawlicka A (2015) Synthesis and characterization of gellan gum: chitosan biohydrogels for soil humidity control and fertilizer release. Cellulose 22(3):2045–2054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0590-6
Saha BK, Rose MT, Wong V, Cavagnaro TR, Patti AF (2017) Hybrid brown coal-urea fertiliser reduces nitrogen loss compared to urea alone. Sci Total Environ 601–602:1496–1504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.270
Saha BK, Rose MT, Wong VNL, Cavagnaro T, Patti A (2018) Nitrogen dynamics in soil fertilized with slow release brown coal-urea fertilizers. Sci Rep 8(1):14577. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32787-3
Sarkhot DV, Berhe AA, Ghezzehei TA (2012) Impact of biochar enriched with dairy manure effluent on carbon and nitrogen dynamics. J Environ Qual 41:1107–1114. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0123
Schmidt HP (2013) The use of biochar as building material - cities as carbon sinks. J terrior-wine biodiver. Available at: http://www.ithakajournal.net/pflanzenkohle-zum-hauser-bauen-stadte-alskohlenstoffsenken?lang=en. Accessed 11 Apr 2017
Schmidt MWI, Noack AG (2000) Black carbon in soils and sediments: analysis, distribution, implications, and current challenges. Global Biogeochem Cycles 14:777793. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB001208
Schmidt HP, Kammann C, Niggli C, Evangelou MWH, Mackie K, Abiven S (2014) Biochar and biochar-compost as soil amendments to a vineyard soil: influences on plant growth, nutrient uptake, plant health and grape quality. Agric Ecosys Environ 191:117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.04.001
Schmidt HP, Pandit BH, Martinsen V, Cornelissen G, Conte P, Kammann CI (2015) Fourfold increase in pumpkin yield in response to low-dosage root zone application of urine-enhanced biochar to a fertile tropical soil. Agriculture 5:723–741. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture5030723
Schmidt HP, Pandit BH, Cornelissen G, Kammann CI (2017) Biochar-based fertilization with liquid nutrient enrichment: 21 field trials covering 13 crop species in Nepal. Land Degrad Dev 28(8):2324–2342. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2761
Schmidt HP, Kammann C, Hagemann N (2020) Certification of the carbon sink potential of biochar, Ithaka Institute, Arbaz. (http://European-biochar.org). Version 1.0E of 1st June 2020
Schneider Teixeira A, Deladino L, Zaritzky N (2016) Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) waste and alginate as a matrix for the encapsulation of N fertilizer. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 4(4):2449–2458. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00344
Scott H, Ponsonby DJ, Atkinson CJ (2014) Biochar: an improver of nutrient and soil water availability-what is the evidence? CAB reviews: perspectives in Agric Vet Sci Nutr Nat Resour 9(19). https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR20149019
Shi W, Ju Y, Bian R, Li L, Joseph S, Mitchell DRG, Munroe P, Taherymoosavi S, Pan G (2019) Biochar bound urea boosts plant growth and reduces nitrogen leaching. Sci Total Environ 701:134424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134424
Shrestha AJ, Pandit BH (2017) Action research into a flood resilient value chain -biochar-based organic fertilizer replaces chemical fertilizer with double yield of pea in Udayapur, Nepal. American J Agric Forestr 5(4):84–93. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20170504.12
Shukla S, Sheffield J, Wood EF, Lettenmaier DP (2013) On the sources of global land surface hydrologic predictability. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 17:2781–2796. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2781-2013
Si L, Xie Y, Ma Q, Wu L (2018) The short-term effects of rice straw biochar, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on rice yield and soil properties in a cold waterlogged paddy field. Sustainability 10:537. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020537
Silber A, Levkovitch I, Graber ER (2010) pH-dependent mineral release and surface properties of corn straw biochar: agronomic implications. Environ Sci Technol 44(24):9318–9323. https://doi.org/10.1021/es101283d
Simmler M, Ciadamidaro L, Schulin R, Madejón P, Reiser R, Clucas L (2013) Lignite reduces the solubility and plant uptake of cadmium in pasturelands. Environ Sci Technol 47:4497–4504. https://doi.org/10.1021/es303118a
Singh BP, Hatton BJ, Balwant S, Cowie AL, Kathuria A (2010) Influence of biochars on nitrous oxide emission and nitrogen leaching from two contrasting soils. J Environ Qual 39:1224–1235. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2009.0138
Singh B, Macdonald LM, Kookana RS, van Zwieten L, Butler G, Joseph S (2014) Opportunities and constraints for biochar technology in Australian agriculture: looking beyond carbon sequestration. Soil Res 52(8):739–750. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR14112
Sipponen MH, Rojas OJ, Pihlajaniemi V, Lintinen K, Österberg M (2017) Calcium chelation of lignin from pulping spent liquor for water-resistant slow-release urea fertilizer systems. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5(1):1054–1061. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02348
Sitanggang E, Pramuni O, Purnomo CW (2017) The effects of binder on the release of nutrient from matrix-based slow release fertilizer. Mater Sci Forum 886:138–144. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.886
Sohi S, Lopez-Capel E, Krull E, Bol R (2009) Biochar, climate change and soil: a review to guide future research. CSIRO Land and Water Sci Report 5(9):17–31. https://doi.org/10.4225/08/58597219a199a
Spokas KA, Novak JM, Venterea RT (2012) Biochar’s role as an alternative N fertilizer: ammonia capture. Plant Soil 350:35–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0930-8
Sun K, Kang M, Zhang Z, Jin J, Wang Z, Pan Z, Xing B (2013) Impact of deashing treatment on biochar structural properties and potential sorption mechanisms of phenanthrene. Environ Sci Technol 47(20):11473–11481. https://doi.org/10.1021/es4026744
Sun J, Bai M, Shen J, Griffith DWT, Denmead OT, Hill J, Lam SK, Mosier AR, Chen D (2016) Effects of lignite application on ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from cattle pens. Sci Total Environ 565:148–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.156
Swiatkowski A, Pakula M, Biniak S, Walczyk M (2004) Influence of the surface chemistry of modified activated carbon on its electrochemical behaviour in the presence of lead (II) ions. Carbon 42(15):3057–3069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2004.06.043
Taghizadeh-Toosi A, Clough TJ, Sherlock RR, Condron LM (2012) Biochar adsorbed ammonia is bioavailable. Plant Soil 350:57–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0870-3
Taha SM, Amer ME, Elmarsafy AE, Elkady MY (2014) Adsorption of 15 different pesticides on untreated and phosphoric acid treated biochar and charcoal from water. J Environ Chem Eng 2(4):2013–2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2014.09.001
Tan Z, Liu L, Zhang L, Huang Q (2017) Mechanistic study of the influence of pyrolysis conditions on potassium speciation in biochar “preparation-application” process. Sci Total Environ 599–600:207–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.235
Tang Y, Wang X, Yang Y, Gao B, Wan Y, Li YC, Cheng D (2017) Activated-lignite-based super large granular slow-release fertilizers improve apple tree growth: synthesis, characterizations, and laboratory and field evaluations. J Agric Food Chem 65:5879–5889. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01699
Tang Y, Yang Y, Cheng D, Gao B, Wan Y, Li YC, Liu L (2019) Multifunctional slow-release fertilizer prepared from lignite activated by a 3D-Molybdate-sulphur hierarchical hollow nanosphere catalyst. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7(12):10533–10543. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b01092
Teng H, Yeh TS (1998) Preparation of activated carbons from bituminous coals with zinc chloride activation. Ind. Eng Chem Res 37:58–65. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie970534h
Thangaraja R, Bolan N, Mandal S, Kunhikrishnan A, Choppal G, Karunanithi R, Qi FJ (2015) Biochar for inorganic contaminant management in soil. In: Ok YS, Uchimiya SM, Chang SX, Bolan N (eds) Biochar production, characterization, and applications, 1st edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton pp 99–138
Tomaszewska M, Jarosiewicz A (2004) Polysulfone coating with starch addition in CRF formulation. Desalination 163:247–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(04)90196-8
Tran CKT, Rose MT, Cavagnaro TR, Patti AF (2015) Lignite amendment has limited impacts on soil microbial communities and mineral nitrogen availability. Appl Soil Ecol 95:140–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.06.020
Trenkel ME (2010) Slow- and controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers: an option for enhancing nutrient use efficiency in agriculture. International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA), Paris
Trevisan S, Francioso O, Quaggiotti S, Nardi S (2010) Humic substances biological activity at the plant-soil interface: from environmental aspects to molecular factors. Plant Signal Behav 5(6):635–643. https://doi.org/10.4161/2Fpsb.5.6.11211
Trinh MV, Tesfai M, Borrell A, Nagothu US, TPL Buil VD, Quynh LQ, Thanh LQ (2016) Effect of organic, inorganic and slow-release urea fertilizers on CH4 and N2O emissions from rice paddy fields. Paddy Water Environ 15:317–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-016-0551-1
Utomo WH, Islami T, Wisnubroto E, Soelistyari HT (2017) Biochar as a carrier for nitrogen plant nutrition: 3. Effect of enriched biochar on rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield and soil qualities. Int J Appl Eng Res 12:10426–10432
Van-Vuuren JAJ, Claassens AS (2009) Greenhouse pot trials to determine the efficacy of black urea compared to other nitrogen sources. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 40:576–586. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620802697988
Van-Zwieten L, Kimber S, Morris S, Chan KY, Downie A, Rust J, Joseph SCowie A (2010) Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility. Plant Soil 327:235–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0050-x
Vassileva P, Tzvetkova P, Nickolov R (2008) Removal of ammonium ions from aqueous solutions with coal-based activated carbons modified by oxidation. Fuel 88(2):378–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.08.016
Velte S, Knappe DRU, Traber J, Kaiser HP, von Gunten U, Boller M, Meylan S (2011) Characterization of natural organic matter adsorption in granular activated carbon adsorbers. Water Res 45(13):3951–3959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.047
Versino F, Urriza M, García MA (2020) Cassava-based biocomposites as fertilizer controlled-release systems for plant growth improvement. Ind Crops Prod 144:112062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.112062
Vikrant K, Kim K, Ok YS, Tsang DCW, Tsang YF, Giri BS, Singh RS (2018) Engineered/designer biochar for the removal of phosphate in water and wastewater. Sci Total Environ 616–617:1242–1260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.193
Wang Y, Liu M, Ni B, Xie L (2012) κ-Carrageenan–sodium alginate beads and superabsorbent coated nitrogen fertilizer with slow-release, water retention, and anti-compaction properties. Ind Eng Chem Res 51(3):1413–1422. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie2020526
Wang X, Lü S, Gao C, Xu X, Wei Y, Bai X, Feng C, Gao N, Liu M, Wu L (2014) Biomass-based multifunctional fertilizer system featuring controlled-release nutrient, water-retention and amelioration of soil. RSC Adv 4(35):18382–18390. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra00207e
Wang Y, Lin Y, Chiu PC, Imhoff PT, Guo M (2015a) Phosphorus release behaviors of poultry litter biochar as a soil amendment. Sci Total Environ 512–513:454–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.093
Wang Z, Guo H, Shen F, Yang G, Zhang Y, Zeng Y (2015b) Biochar produced from oak sawdust by Lanthanum (La)-involved pyrolysis for adsorption of ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3−), and phosphate (PO43−). Chemosphere 119:646–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.084
Wang B, Gao B, Zimmerman AR, Zheng Y, Lyu H (2018) Novel biochar-impregnated calcium alginate beads with improved water holding and nutrient retention properties. J Environ Manag 209:105–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.041
Waters D, Condon J, Zwieten L, Moroni S (2010) Biochar-ion interactions: an investigation of biochar charge and its effect on ion retention. In: Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science. Soil solutions for a changing world, Brisbane, pp 20–23
Wei DJ, Lee IC, Yang RYK (1988) Microstructural variations of lignite, subbituminous and bituminous coals and their high temperature chars. Fuel Process Technol 18:11–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3820(88)90070-7
Wen P, Wu Z, Han Y, Cravotto G, Wang J, Ye B (2017) Microwave-assisted synthesis of a novel biochar based slow release nitrogen fertilizer with enhanced water-retention capacity. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:7374–7382. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01721
Wezel A, Casagrande M, Celette F, Vian JF, Ferrer A, Peigné J (2014) Agroecological practices for sustainable agriculture: A review. Agron Sustain Dev 34:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0180-7
Wisnubroto EI, Utomo WH, Soelistyari HT (2017) Biochar as a carrier for nitrogen plant nutrition: The release of nitrogen from biochar enriched with ammonium sulfate and nitrate acid. Int J Appl Eng Res 12(6):1035–1042 https://www.ripublication.com/ijaer17/ijaerv12n6_3
Wolf R, Wedig H (2007) Process for manufacturing a soil conditioner. U.S. Patent No WO 2010055139 A1. Wong AS, Stalnaker ND, Lafferty CJ, Robertson JD, Kuhr JH. The ion exchange properties of low rank coals on actinides and other heavy metals. Abstracts of Papers of the Am Chem Soci 211: 133-FUEL
Wu L, Liu M (2008) Preparation and properties of a double-coated slow-release NPK compound fertilizer with superabsorbent and water-retention. Bioresour Technol 99(3):547–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.12.027
Wu Z, Zhao Y, Kaleem I, Lee C (2011) Preparation of calcium–alginate microcapsuled microbial fertilizer coating Klebsiella oxytoca Rs-5 and its performance under salinity stress. Eur J Soil Biol 47(2):152–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2010.11.008
Xia H, Xu S, Yang L (2017) Efficient conversion of wheat straw into furan compounds, bio-oils, and phosphate fertilizers by a combination of hydrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis. RSC Adv 7:1200–1205. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA27072G
Xiao F, Pignatello JJ (2016) Effects of post-pyrolysis air oxidation of biomass chars on adsorption of neutral and ionizable compounds. Environ Sci Technol 50:6276–6283. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00362
Xiao X, Chen B, Zhu L (2014) Transformation, morphology and dissolution of silicon and carbon in rice straw derived biochars under different pyrolytic temperatures. Environ Sci Technol 48:3411–3419. https://doi.org/10.1021/es405676h
Xie L, Liu M, Ni B, Zhang X, Wang Y (2011) Slow-release nitrogen and boron fertilizer from a functional superabsorbent formulation based on wheat straw and attapulgite. Chem Eng J 167:342–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.12.082
Yamamoto CF, Pereira EI, Mattoso LHC, Mattoso T, Ribeiro C (2016) Slow release fertilizers based on urea/urea–formaldehyde polymer nanocomposites. Chem Eng J 287:390–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.11.023
Yang Y, Tong Z, Geng Y, Li Y, Zhang M (2013) Biobased polymer composites derived from corn stover and feather meals as double-coating materials for controlled-release and water-retention urea fertilizers. J Agric Food Chem 61:8166–8174. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf402519t
Yang J, Gao W, Ren S (2015) Long-term effects of combined application of chemical nitrogen with organic materials on crop yields, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in fluvo-aquic soil. Soil Till Res 151:67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.03.008
Yang HI, Lou K, Rajapaksha AU, Ok YS, Anyia AO, Chang SX (2017) Adsorption of ammonium in aqueous solutions by pine sawdust and wheat straw biochars. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:25638–25647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8551-2
Yao Y, Gao B, Inyang M, Zimmerman AR, Cao XD, Pullammanappallil P, Yang LY (2011) Biochar derived from anaerobically digested sugar beet tailings: characterization and phosphate removal potential. Bioresour Technol 102(10):6273–6278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.03.006
Yao CX, Joseph S, Li LQ, Pan GX, Lin Y, Munroe P, Pace B, Taherymoosavi S, Van Zwieten L, Thomas T, Nielsen S, Jun Y, Donne S (2015) Developing more effective enhanced biochar fertilizers for improvement of pepper yield and quality. Pedosphere 25:1–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(15)30051-5
Ye Y, Liang X, Chen Y, Liu J, Gu J, Guo R, Li L (2013) Alternate wetting and drying irrigation and controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer in late-season rice. Effects on dry matter accumulation, yield, water and nitrogen use. Field Crops Res 2013(144):212–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.12.003
Ye Z, Zhang L, Huang Q, Tan Z (2019) Development of a carbon-based slow release fertilizer treated by bio-oil coating and study on its feedback effect on farmland application. J Clean Prod 239:118085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118085
Ying GH, Chen XX, Zhang W, He XS, Chao GZ (2013) Physicochemical properties and efficiencies of biochar and biochar-based nitrogenous fertilizer. J. Northwest A & F Univ 41(4):69–78
Zeng Z, Zhang SD, Li TQ, Zhao FL, He ZL, Zhao HP, Yang XE, Wang HL, Zhao J, Rafiq MT (2013) Sorption of ammonium and phosphate from aqueous solution by biochar derived from phytoremediation plants. J Zhejiang Univ-Sci A 14(12):1152–1161. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1300102
Zhang P, Sun H, Yu L, Sun T (2013) Adsorption and catalytic hydrolysis of carbaryl and atrazine on pig manure-derived biochars: impact of structural properties of biochars. J Hazard Mater 244:217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.11.046
Zhang H, Voroney R, Price G (2015) Effects of temperature and processing conditions on biochar chemical properties and their influence on soil C and N transformations. Soil Biol Biochem 83:19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.01.006
Zhang S, Yang Y, Gao B, Wan Y, Li YC, Zhao C (2016) Biobased interpenetrating network polymer composites from locust sawdust as coating material for environmentally friendly controlled release urea fertilizers. J Agric Food Chem 64:5692–5700. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01688
Zhang B, Cakmak I, Feng J, Yu C, Chen X, Xie D, Wu L, Song Z, Cao J, He Y (2020) Magnesium deficiency reduced the yield and seed germination in wax gourd by affecting the carbohydrate translocation. Front Plant Sci 11:797. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00797
Zhao G, Liu Y, Tian Y, Sun Y, Cao Y (2010) Preparation and properties of macromolecular slow release fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. J Polym Res 17:119–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-009-9297-4
Zhao L, Cao X, Zheng W, Scott JW, Sharma BK, Chen X (2016) Co-pyrolysis of biomass with phosphate fertilizers to improve biochar carbon retention, slow nutrient release, and stabilize heavy metals in soil. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 21:409–414. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b01570
Zheng J, Hana J, Liu Z, Xiaa W, Zhang X, Lia LX, Biana R, Cheng K, Zheng J, Pana G (2017) Biochar compound fertilizer increases nitrogen productivity and economic benefits but decreases carbon emission of maize production. Agric Ecosyst Environ 241:70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.02.034
Zhou Y, Liu X, Tang L, Zhang F, Zeng G, Peng X, Luo L, Deng Y, Pang Y, Zhang J (2017) Insight into highly efficient co-removal of p-nitrophenol and lead by nitrogen-functionalized magnetic ordered mesoporous carbon: performance and modelling. J Hazard Mater 333:80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.031
Funding
This study was not funded by any agency.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rashid, M., Hussain, Q., Khan, K.S. et al. Carbon-Based Slow-Release Fertilizers for Efficient Nutrient Management: Synthesis, Applications, and Future Research Needs. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 21, 1144–1169 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00429-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00429-9