Abstract
Rising global population and urbanization are major causes of waste generation, energy demand and carbon emissions. The atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased of 44% from 284 ppm in 1850 to 409 ppm in 2018. In 2017, the world energy consumption was 582 quadrillion British thermal units (qBtu), including 495 qBtu of fossil fuels and 87 qBtu of renewable and nuclear energy sources. Therefore, there is a need for new energies and methods of carbon sequestration, for instance by recycling biomass into biochar. Here, we review the thermochemical valorization of waste biomass by pyrolysis, gasification, torrefaction and carbonization to produce biochar with promising and environmental applications. We detail parameters that control biochar yields, quality and composition. Physical and chemical routes of biochar activation are also described. We focus on the utilization of biochar as soil amendment and for the adsorption of pollutants from wastewater. We conclude by a discussion on the techno-economic and lifecycle assessment of biochar production technologies.
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Note the increase in total energy usage over the years including that of petroleum and other liquid fossil fuels, coal, natural gas, renewables and nuclear sources. Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (2020a)
Note the increase in the CO2 emissions from coal, coke, natural gas, petroleum and other liquid fuels over the years. Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (2020b)
Note the dramatic increase in CO2 concentration over the years. According to Our World in Data (2020a), the CO2 emissions are calculated and integrated from multiple sources such as the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center in the U.S. and Global Carbon Project in Australia. Data source: Our World in Data (2020a)
Note the gradual increase in the global average temperature with years. According to Our World in Data (2020b), temperature anomalies are calculated based on the measurements made by the Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Science and Services located in the U.K. Data source: Our World in Data (2020b)
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Abbreviations
- Acetylene:
-
C2H2
- Ammonia:
-
NH3
- Carbon dioxide:
-
CO2
- Carbon monoxide:
-
CO
- Cubic centimeter per min:
-
Cm3/min
- Degree Celsius:
-
°C
- Ethane:
-
C2H6
- Ethylene:
-
C2H4
- Gram per hour:
-
G/h
- Gram per minute:
-
G/min
- Gram:
-
G
- Hour:
-
H
- Hydrogen:
-
H2
- Kilogram:
-
Kg
- Mega joules per kilogram:
-
MJ/kg
- Methane:
-
CH4
- Milligram per gram:
-
Mg/g
- Milligram per liter:
-
Mg/L
- Millilitre per minute:
-
ML/min
- Millimoles per gram:
-
Mmol/g
- Millimoles per kilogram:
-
Mmol/kg
- Minutes:
-
Min
- Moles per kilogram:
-
Mol/kg
- Nitrous oxide:
-
N2O
- Oxygen:
-
O2
- Phosphoric acid:
-
H3PO4
- Potassium carbonate:
-
K2CO3
- Potassium hydroxide:
-
KOH
- Potential of hydrogen:
-
PH
- Second:
-
S
- Sodium hydroxide:
-
NaOH
- Zinc chloride:
-
ZnCl2
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The authors would like to thank the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Canada Research Chairs (CRC) Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) and BioFuelNet Canada for funding this bioenergy research.
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Patra, B.R., Mukherjee, A., Nanda, S. et al. Biochar production, activation and adsorptive applications: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19, 2237–2259 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01165-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01165-9