Abstract
Out-of-plane stability of buckling restrained braces (BRBs) has been a critical concern for structural design of them under seismic loads. Although some calculation methods are available in literature catering for the determination of stability resistance of the BRBs, they showed complexities on dealing with numbers of parameters. In this paper, the mechanism of out-of-plane buckling failure of the BRBs was firstly introduced; then, an analytically and numerically hybrid method was proposed to calculate the out-of-plane stability resistance of the BRBs with considerations given to solve some key parameters; finally, the proposed hybrid method was verified by test results of 4 BRB sub-frames subjected to the lateral loads. The results indicated that the out-of-plane bending deformation of BRB and gusset plate would occur under seismic loads. With an increasing rotation between the end of BRB and the inner core, the out-of-plane buckling failure happened owing to the existence of a plastic hinge at the bottom section of the outstanding part outside the inner core of the BRB. The out-of-plane bending stiffness of BRB and gusset plate, initial imperfection and bending moment capacity of the outstanding part are the key parameters affecting the out-of-plane stability of the BRBs. The proposed hybrid method is reasonable and effective to calculate the out-of-plane buckling capacity of the BRBs subject to different combinations of axial force and end bending moments.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chen, J. (2011). Stability of steel structures theory and design. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese).
Chen, L., Tsai, K., Tsai, C., & Wu, A. (2019). Evaluating out-of-plane stability for welded BRBs considering flexural restrainer and gusset rotations. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 159, 161–175.
Dong, W., Li, M., Lee, C. L., MacRae, G., & Abu, A. (2020). Experimental testing of full-scale glulam frames with buckling restrained braces. Engineering Structures, 222, 111081.
Feng, Y., Wu, J., Cai, X., & Meng, S. (2018). Multi-index seismic capacity evaluation of buckling-restrained braced frames. International Journal of Steel Structures, 18(2), 353–364.
Hemati, S., Kheyroddin, A., & Bafghi, M. (2020). Experimental investigation of connection details on the cyclic performance of all-steel tubular buckling restrained braces. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, 64(3), 815–827.
Jamkhaneh, M., Ebrahimi, A., & Amiri, M. (2019). Investigation of the seismic behavior of brace frames with new corrugated all-steel buckling restrained brace. International Journal of Steel Structures, 19(4), 1225–1236.
JGJ 297-2013 Technical specification for seismic energy dissipation of buildings. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press. (in Chinese)
Khoo, H., Tsai, K., Tsai, C., et al. (2016). Bidirectional substructure pseudo-dynamic tests and analysis of a full-scale two-story buckling-restrained braced frame. Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 45(7), 1085–1107.
Koetaka Y., Kinoshita T., Inoue K., Iitani K. (2008). Criteria of buckling-restrained braces to prevent out-of-plane buckling. In: Proceedings of 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China.
Mahin S., Uriz P., Aiken I., Field C., Ko E. Seismic performance of buckling restrained braced frame systems. In: Proceedings of 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Vancouver, B.C, Canada, 2004.
Takeuchi, T., Matsui, R., & Mihara, S. (2015). Out-of-plane stability assessment of buckling-restrained braces with chevron configurations. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 45(12), 1895–1917.
Takeuchi, T., Ozaki, H., Matsui, R., & Sutcu, F. (2014). Out-of-plane stability of buckling-restrained braces including moment transfer capacity. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 43(6), 851–869.
Tsai, K. C., Hsiao, P. C., Wang, K. J., Weng, Y. T., Lin, M. L., Lin, K. C., et al. (2008). Pseudo-dynamic tests of a full-scale CFT/BRB frame—Part I: Specimen design, experiment and analysis. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 37(7), 1081–1098.
Wang, C. L., Chen, Q., Zeng, B., & Meng, S. P. (2017). A novel brace with partial buckling restraint: An experimental and numerical investigation. Engineering Structures, 150, 190–202.
Xie, Q. (2005). State of the art of buckling-restrained braces in Aisa. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 61(6), 727–748.
Zhao J.X. (2012). Seismic behavior and stability design method of all-steel buckling-restrained braces. PhD thesis. Harbin Institute of Technology. (in Chinese)
Zhao, J., Lin, F., & Wang, Z. (2016). Effect of non-moment braced frame seismic deformations on buckling-restrained brace end connection behavior: Theoretical analysis and subassemblage tests. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 45(3), 359–381.
Zhao, J., Wu, B., & Qu, J. (2011a). Flexural demand on pin-connected buckling-restrained braces and design recommendations. ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, 138(11), 1398–1415.
Zhao, J., Wu, B., & Qu, J. (2011b). A novel type of angle steel buckling-restrained brace: Cyclic behavior and failure mechanism. Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 40, 1083–1102.
Zhou, Y. (2007). Design and application of buckling-resistant energy dissipation braces. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press. (in Chinese).
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support by the National Key Research and Development Project No.: 2017YFC0703600.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhou, Y., Gong, C., Zhong, GQ. et al. An Analytical–Numerical Hybrid Method for Evaluating Out-of-Plane Stability of Buckling Restrained Braces. Int J Steel Struct 21, 676–690 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-021-00465-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-021-00465-2