Abstract
Alcohol and tobacco use are risky factors that are associated with one another. High alcohol and tobacco use are significant public health problems with social and economic costs and one of the leading causes of preventable death and disease. The aim of this study was to determine the sociodemographic and economic factors on alcohol and tobacco concurrent use. In this study, a bivariate probit model was employed to determine the factors affecting alcohol and tobacco concurrent use among individuals aged 15 and above who were living in Turkey. The data used in this study was obtained from the Turkey Health Survey conducted in 2010, 2012, 2014, and 2016 by the Turkish Statistical Institute. The data were gathered from a total of 77,327 individuals. Empirical findings suggest that factors affecting alcohol and tobacco use were simultaneous. Also, the results revealed that several key variables such as age, gender, educational status, marital status, household monthly income level, and survey year were significant determinants of alcohol and tobacco concurrent use. Psychosocial support is significant for only tobacco use. In the last decade, a number of restrictions aimed to combat alcohol and tobacco use have been associated with reducing the usage habits of individuals. This is the first study that simultaneously compared both alcohol use and tobacco use using a Turkish sample.
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Data availability
The data underlying this study is subject to third-party restrictions by the Turkey Statistical Institute. Data are available from the Turkish Statistical Institute (bilgi@tuik.gov.tr) for researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data. The authors of the study did not receive any special privileges in accessing the data.
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The authors would like to thank the Turkish Statistical Institute for the data. The views and opinions expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors only and do not necessarily represent the views, official policy, or position of the Turkish Statistical Institute.
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ÖA conceived and led the design and development of the study proposal. ÖA and HA supervised the data collection, led the data analysis, and drafted the manuscript. ÖG made substantial contributions to the conceptualization and design of the study, data interpretations, and writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
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This study was conducted by using the data of the Turkey Health Survey carried out by the Turkey Statistical Institute. Therefore, ethical approval was not required for this study.
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Alkan, Ö., Abar, H. & Gençer, Ö. Analysis of factors affecting alcohol and tobacco concurrent use by bivariate probit model in Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 30168–30175 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12849-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12849-2