Abstract
Ryegrass was pulse-labeled with enriched 13CO2 for 18 h, followed by dynamic photosynthetic-carbon (13C) quantification in the plant (shoot, root), soil aggregates (three size classes), and microbial phospholipids fatty acids (PLFA-SIP) in soil amended with or without 700 °C-pyrolyzed biochar. We observed that biochar led to no difference of 13C allocation in shoot or root but reduced 88.7% of total 13C in soil, with decreased incorporation by 92.8% (macroaggregates), 94.5% (microaggregates), and 84.1% (silt-clays), respectively, compared to biochar-unamended soil. Meanwhile, biochar exerted negative effects on fungal relative abundance but led to positive impacts on that of bacteria, e.g., it reduced root-associated fungi (i.e., 16:1ω5c) and fungal-assimilated 13C (from averagely 71.2 ng C g−1 soil to 26.3 ng C g−1 soil after biochar application). The enhanced bacteria/fungi could be driven by biochar-mediated pH increase that relieved acid stress to bacteria. Co-occurrence network confirmed that biochar addition favored bacteria to compete with fungi, leading to decreased aggregation and stability (indicated by reduced normalized mean weight diameter) due to less fungal entangling with aggregates, thus exposing the rhizodeposits to bacterial (i.e., actinomycetes) decomposition. The correlation analysis further evidenced that fungal abundance was associated with 13C accumulation in soil aggregates, while bacterial relative abundance especially that of actinomycetes was negatively correlated with 13C accumulation. Random forest modeling (RF) supported the contributions of fungi to 13C-sequestration compared to bacteria. Taken together, we concluded that less stabilization of rhizodeposits in the biochar-amended soil was due to changes in microbial community, particularly the balance of fungi-bacteria and their interactions with soil physicochemical properties, i.e., aggregation and pH.
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Acknowledgments
This study was supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41520104001; 41671233) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2019QNA6012). The contribution of Amit Kumar was supported by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). We acknowledge the Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences for technical assistance. We thank anonymous reviewers and the editor for constructive comments which significantly improved the quality of this paper.
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This study was supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41520104001; 41671233) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2019QNA6012). The contribution of Amit Kumar was supported by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD).
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Highlights
• Biochar gave no difference of photosynthetic-13C allocation in plant shoot and root but reduced 13C into aggregates
• The relative abundance of bacteria increased owing to the reduced stress by biochar shifted soil variables, like pH.
• Biochar suppressed root-associated fungi due to reducing root biomass and rhizodeposits.
• Less 13C accumulation into aggregates by biochar might be due to the decreased fungi abundance that diminished aggregation thus leaving rhizodeposits unprotected by bacterial utilization.
• Biochar exerted opposite effect on fungal-bacteria growth and their interaction within aggregates could determine rhizodeposit-C stabilization.
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Chen, Z., Kumar, A., Fu, Y. et al. Biochar decreased rhizodeposits stabilization via opposite effects on bacteria and fungi: diminished fungi-promoted aggregation and enhanced bacterial mineralization. Biol Fertil Soils 57, 533–546 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-020-01539-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-020-01539-9