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Perceived risk of terrorism, indirect victimization, and individual-level determinants of fear of terrorism

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Abstract

This paper tests the pertinence of individual-level theoretical framework of fear of crime to explain fear of terrorism and underscores the significance of the nexus between fear of terrorism and perceived risk of terrorism. It reviews the literature on conceptualization of terrorism and crime, focusing on individual-level determinants of fear of crime and terrorism through victimization and vulnerability perspectives. The study explores the impact of individual-level predictors and of perceived risk of terrorism on fear of terrorism through three complimentary multiple linear regression models on the basis of results of a web-based survey conducted in Spring semester of 2013 among 504 undergraduate and graduate students from Kent State University between the ages of 19–36, directly following the Boston Marathon Bombings. The study concludes that perceived risk of terrorism on future attacks is a robust indicator of fear of terrorism and the influence of individual-level predictors of fear of crime literature, media exposure, and indirect victimization should not be underestimated.

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Notes

  1. For Foucault’s definition of the state and how its power is being used to regulate and uniform citizens, see Daldal (2014).

  2. Regarding how ‘new terrorism’ is a new and further critique of this debate, see Walklate and Mythen (2015, Chapter 2).

  3. For sub-dimensions of vulnerability, see Spithoven (2017, pp. 26–27).

  4. 11-point numeric Likert-type scale commonly used to measure the intensity of pain especially in psychological surveys, which is called NRS-11, was preferred while constructing the questionnaire and scale items. This is because the intention here was to obtain more specific results concerning the intensity of fears or judgements. While 0 means lack of intensity in overall assessment, it is generally recognized that cut-off points between 1 to 5 represents mild, 6 to 7 indicates moderate, and 8 to 10 signifies severe intensity (Boonstra et al. 2016; also see Jensen 2011, pp. 232–234). NRS-11 is also advantageous since ‘it is easily understood and quickly administered’ (Niere 2009).

  5. May et al.’s research on fear of terrorism (2011) and Nellis and Savage’s study (2012) helped to construct both fear of terrorism and perceived risk of terrorism scales.

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Acknowledgements

The data has been collected for the author’s dissertation, for which he conducted a research as a visiting scholar in the Department of Sociology at Kent State University. The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to Associate Professor David Kessler, Associate Professor and Director of Survey Research Lab Gregory Gibson, and Professor Emeritus Richard Serpe of the Department of Sociology for collecting the data and facilitating this research.

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The author received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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  1. Ph.D. in International Security Studies, Ankara, Turkey

    M. Salih Elmas

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Elmas, M.S. Perceived risk of terrorism, indirect victimization, and individual-level determinants of fear of terrorism. Secur J 34, 498–524 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-020-00242-6

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