Abstract
This paper analyses the role of remorse and apology in international criminal trials by juxtaposing two prominent cases of convicted war criminals Biljana Plavšić and Esad Landžo. Plavšić was the first and only Bosnian Serb political leader to plead guilty before the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Her acknowledgement of guilt and purported remorse expressed during her ICTY proceedings was celebrated as a milestone for both the ICTY and the Balkans. However, she later retracted her remorse while serving her prison sentence. Landžo was a guard at the notorious Čelebići detention camp and did not acknowledge his guilt publicly during his ICTY trial. Seven years after his release from prison, Landžo personally confronted survivors and apologised to them. Through comparison of these two widely different cases, we illustrate varying roles criminal trials can play in offender’s reflection on his/her crimes (instrumental remorse versus catalytic role) and how relevance and resonance of war criminal’s remorse in and outside of the courtroom depend on how remorse is expressed and to whom (in abstracto during criminal proceedings versus personally face to face).
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Notes
In addition, the case of Ratko Mladić, convicted in 2017, is now pending on appeal before the MICT, as is retrial of Jovica Stanišić and Franko Simatović.
Analysis of expressions of remorse and apology has received only minor attention in the (international) criminal legal scholarship. Transitional justice scholars so far have largely discussed relevance of public, official apology usually from the government to particular ethnic/racial group of people rather than remorse by individual perpetrator to individual victim. This kind of apology has been only analysed in the context of truth and reconciliation commissions not international criminal trials (see, for example, Gobodo-Madikizela 2002; Carranza et al., 2015).
However, it should also be noted that the concept of remorse is still being discussed and different definitions and conceptualisations appear in the literature. For discussion, see, Proeve et al., 1999, p. 17.
Lee Taft (2000, p. 1140) explains how an apologetic offender, while accepting responsibility for his actions, also commits himself to repent for his wrongful ways.
See for example (Prosecutor v Sikirica (Sentencing Judgement)2001, para. 230; Prosecutor v Mrdja (Sentencing Judgement)2004, para. 87; Prosecutor v Nikolić (Sentencing Judgement) 2003a, para. 241; Prosecutor v Deronjić (Sentencing Judgement)2004, para. 263; Prosecutor v Rajić (Sentencing Judgement)2006, para. 151).
19 out of 20 defendants who pleaded guilty had their remorse accepted as mitigating factor. The only defendant who pleaded guilty and for whom judges denied and considered the remorse insincere was Goran Jelisić (Prosecutor v Jelisić (Judgement)1999, para.127).
See, for example, Prosecutor v Nikolić (Sentencing Judgement)2003b, para. 158.
See for similar considerations discussed by the ICTY judges when it comes to guilty plea: (Prosecutor v Nikolić (Judgement on Sentencing Appeal)2006, paras. 119–122).
Milan Babić (Prosecutor v Babić (Transcript from Trial)2004, p. 58) during his Sentencing Hearing stated the following plea of guilt: “I ask from my brothers, Croats, to forgive us, their brother Serbs, and I pray for the Serb people to turn to the future and to achieve the kind of compassion that will make it possible to forgive the crimes. And lastly, I place myself at the full disposal of this Tribunal and international justice”.
For one of the many examples of this, see Trial transcript from July 29, 1998: (Prosecutor v Delalić (Transcript from Trial)1998, p. 15253, lines 21–25).
Sulejman Tihić, a Bosniak member of the Bosnian presidency and a detainee in Serb detention centres, described Plavšić’s plea as “a highly moral act which helps establish the truth about the kind of war that took place” (quoted in Kebo 2005).
(B. Plavšić, personal communication, 17 October 2017).
Tavuchis (1991) calls this apology one which significance lies in its ability to perform and to transcend the apologetic words.
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Simić, O., Holá, B. A War Criminal’s Remorse: the Case of Landžo and Plavšić. Hum Rights Rev 21, 267–291 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-020-00593-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-020-00593-y