Abstract
The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is impacting on food systems and has exposed the poor state of food security and lack of food system infrastructures. Consequently, sub-Saharan Africa countries face the compounded risk of COVID-19 and hunger. The syndemic will pose serious challenges for achieving food security imperatives of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. This article discusses the dynamics of food security imperatives brought about by COVID-19 pandemic. It examines the mitigating efforts of sub-Saharan African governments in addressing COVID-19 and how this effort impacts the attainment of SDGs One, Two, Three and 12. It finds that while the pandemic provides an opportunity for governments to strengthen their commitments, it raises questions on the ambitious global efforts to deliver SDGs by 2030. It recommends that African governments need to maximize intra-African trade with investments in agricultural biotechnological infrastructure in order to close the gap between the targets and the realities, in the efforts towards achieving the SDGs.
References
Legislation
Competition Act: Regulations related to COVID-19 (CA-RC), Government Notice R350 of 2020, Government Gazette, no. 43116 of 19 March 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Disaster Management Act, 2002 (Act, no. 57 of 2002): Measures to prevent and combat the spread of COVID-19.Search in Google Scholar
Disaster Management Act, 2002: Amendment of Regulations Issued in Terms of Section 27(2), No R 419 of 26 March 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Disaster Management Act, 2005.Search in Google Scholar
Public Health (COVID-19 Restriction of Movement of Persons and Related Measures) Rules, 2020, Legal Notice No 50, Kenya Gazette Supplement No 41.Search in Google Scholar
Public Order (State Curfew) Citation Order, 2020, Legal Notice No 36.Search in Google Scholar
Public Order (State Curfew) Variation Order, 2020, Legal Notice, no. 57, Kenya Gazette Supplement, no. 46 made pursuant to section 8 (5) of the Public Order Act.Search in Google Scholar
Small Business Development: Directions to provide guidance on implementation of the provision of essential goods and services, Government Notice R450 of 2020, Government Gazette, no. 43208 on 6 April 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Books, Journals, Newspaper and Online materials
“Coronavirus - Africa: COVID-19 could not have come at a worse time for vulnerable communities across West Africa”, Africa News, 27 April, 2020, available at: <https://www.africanews.com/2020/04/27/coronavirus-africa-covid-19-could-not-have-come-at-a-worse-time-for-vulnerable-communities-across-west-africa//>.Search in Google Scholar
“COVID-19 pandemic impact on Southern Africa” (2020), available at: <https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/VC-COVID19-IMPACT-AFRICA/covid-19_-_southern_africa_final_18.1.20.pdf>.Search in Google Scholar
“COVID-19: Nine African countries risk food insecurity, UN warns”, Punch, 28 April, 2020. “Indonesia’s coronavirus response revealed: too little, too late,” Aljazeera, 21 April, 2020, available at: <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/indonesia-coronavirus-response-revealed-late-200422032842045.html>.Search in Google Scholar
“Investors Count Losses Over Wike’s Closure of Ports Despite FG’s Directive”, The Cable, 13 May, 2020, available at: < https://www.thecable.ng/investors-count-losses-over-wikes-closure-of-ports-despite-fgs-directive>.Search in Google Scholar
“Lockdown: Buhari approves release of 70,000 tonnes of grains for the poor”, The Cable, 1 April, 2020, available at: <https://www.thecable.ng/lockdown-buhari-approves-release-of-70000-tonnes-of-grains-for-the-poor>.Search in Google Scholar
HLPE, “Nutrition and Food Systems, A report by the High-Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security” (2017) .Search in Google Scholar
Adebajo Kunle, Food thieves, looters rampage as Nigerians observe lockdown over COVID-19 (24 April 2020), available at: <https://humangle.ng/food-thieves-looters-rampage-as-nigerians-observe-lockdown-over-covid-19/>.Search in Google Scholar
Adenle Ademola, A., Global Capture of Crop Biotechnology in Developing World Over a Decade’, 9 Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, no. 2 (2011).Search in Google Scholar
Adeshokan Oluwatosin, Coronavirus: Food Insecurity Fallout from Nigeria’s Lockdown, The Africa Report, May 11, 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Adewopo Adebambo, “Food Security and Intellectual Property: Legal Framework and Implications for National Development” in Adebambo Adewopo and Jane Ezirigwe (eds) Food Security, Biotechnology and Biosafety in Nigeria (Abuja: NIALS Press, 2019).Search in Google Scholar
Africa – No Easy Fix for Food Security Challenges (May 19, 2020), available at: <https://www.controlrisks.com/our-thinking/insights/africa-no-easy-fix-for-food-security-challenges>.Search in Google Scholar
Africa 2030 Sustainable Development Goals Three-Year Reality Check (The Sustainable Development Goals Center for Africa, 2019), available at: <https://sdgcafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/AFRICA-2030-SDGs-THREE-YEAR-REALITY-CHECK-REPORT.pdf>.Search in Google Scholar
Akamo Bayo, “COVID-19: FG’s 1,800 bags of rice truly bad, unfit for consumption, Oyo govt insists”, New Nigerian Newspaper, April 27, 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Amanta Felippa Ann, “Preventing Global Food Crisis Caused by Covid-19” The Jakatar Post, April 4, 2020, available at: <https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2020/04/04/preventing-global-food-crisis-caused-by-covid-19.html>.Search in Google Scholar
Begashaw Belay, Africa and the Sustainable Development Goals: A Long Way to Go (July 29, 2019), available at <https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2019/07/29/africa-and-the-sustainable-development-goals-a-long-way-to-go/>.Search in Google Scholar
Beltrami Simona, How to Minimize the Impact of Coronavirus on Food Security (March 2020), available at: <https://insight.wfp.org/how-to-minimize-the-impact-of-coronavirus-on-food-security-be2fa7885d7e>.Search in Google Scholar
Benue: Federal Government Donated 250 Bags of Spoilt Beans to Displaced Persons as Palliatives, Today News, April 27, 2020, available at: <https://www.today.ng/news/nigeria/benue-federal-government-donated-250-bags-spoilt-beans-displaced-persons-palliatives-294877>.Search in Google Scholar
Bettridge Judy, “Responding to COVID-19: Future Impact on Animal-Source Food Supply in Africa” (2020), Natural Resources Institute, available at: <https://www.nri.org/latest/news/2020/responding-to-covid-19-future-impact-on-animal-source-food-supply-in-africa>.Search in Google Scholar
Cerier Steven, ‘Led by Nigeria, Africa Opening Door to Genetically Modified Crop Cultivation’ (March 2017), Pesticide and Food, Genetic Literacy Project, available at: <https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2017/03/06/led-nigeria-africa-gradually-opening-door-genetically-modified-crop-cultivation/>.Search in Google Scholar
CGIAR, Research Program on Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals (GLDC), “Covid-19 and Food Security: India and Its Job Crisis”, available at: <https://www.cgiar.org/news-events/news/covid-19-and-food-security-india-and-its-jobs-crisis/>.Search in Google Scholar
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public, available at: <https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public>.Search in Google Scholar
Dev S. Mahendra, Addressing COVID-19 Impacts on Agriculture, Food Security, and Livelihoods in India”, available at: <https://www.ifpri.org/blog/addressing-covid-19-impacts-agriculture-food-security-and-livelihoods-india>.Search in Google Scholar
Dunmore Charlie, and Kumwenda Olivia, “As Health Fears Ebb, Africa Looks at Easing GM Crop Bans”, Reuters (June 6, 2013), available at: <https://uk.reuters.com/article/eu-africa-gmo/as-health-fears-ebb-africa-looks-at-easing-gm-crop-bans-idUSL5N0EG3K520130606>.Search in Google Scholar
Ehui Simeon, Protecting Food Security in Africa During COVID-19,” Brookings (May 14, 2020), available at: <https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2020/05/14/protecting-food-security-in-africa-during-covid-19/>.Search in Google Scholar
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Agriculture, available at: <https://www.britannica.com/place/Asia/Agriculture>, accessed May 29, 2020.Search in Google Scholar
FAO Continues to Fight Desert Locust Upsurge in East Africa and Yemen Despite COVID-19 Constraints (Africa Renewal, April 14, 2020), available at: <https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/fao-continues-fight-desert-locust-upsurge-east-africa-and-yemen-despite-covid-19-constraints>, accessed May 9, 2020.Search in Google Scholar
FAO, Agri-Food Markets and Trade Policy in the Time of COVID-19 (April 2, 2020) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations available at: <http://www.fao.org/3/ca8446en/CA8446EN.pdf>.Search in Google Scholar
FAO, COVID-19 Pandemic – Impact on Food and Agriculture, available at: <http://www.fao.org/2019-ncov/q-and-a/impact-on-food-and-agriculture/en/>.Search in Google Scholar
FAO, Food Security: Concepts and Measurement, available at: <http://www.fao.org/3/y4671e/y4671e06.htm#TopOfPage>.Search in Google Scholar
FAO, IFAD, the World Bank and WFP, Joint Statement on COVID-19 Impacts on Food Security and Nutrition (April 21, 2020), on the occasion of the Extraordinary G20 Agriculture Minister’s Meeting, available at: <http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1272058/icode/>.Search in Google Scholar
FAO, Intra-Regional Trade, A Key Driver of Food and Nutrition Security in Africa” (FAO Regional Office for Africa, June 28, 2019), available at: <http://www.fao.org/africa/news/detail-news/en/c/1200150/>.Search in Google Scholar
Farai Mutsaka, “Virus Choking Off Supply of What Africa Needs Most: Food,” (April 15, 2020), available at: <https://apnews.com/28a52737e04e11271b62982a462232b5>.Search in Google Scholar
Fei, Shulang, and Ni Jia, Local Food Systems and Covid-19; A Look into China’s Responses, FAO, available at: <http://www.fao.org/in-action/food-for-cities-programme/news/detail/en/c/1270350/>.Search in Google Scholar
Food Research & Action Center, The Impact of Poverty, Food Insecurity, and Poor Nutrition on Health And Well-Being (December 2017),available at: <https://frac.org/wp-content/uploads/hunger-health-impact-poverty-food-insecurity-health-well-being.pdf>.Search in Google Scholar
Gandhi Dhruv, Golubski Christina, and Madden Payce, “Africa in the News: South Africa Looks to Open Up; COVID-19 Complicates Food Security, Malaria Response” (April 25, 2020), available at <https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2020/04/25/africa-in-the-news-south-africa-looks-to-open-up-covid-19-complicates-food-security-malaria-response/>.Search in Google Scholar
Gatiso, T.T. et al., The Impact of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Epidemic on Agricultural Production and Livelihoods in Liberia, PLoS Negl Trop Dis. (2018), available at: <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006580>.Search in Google Scholar
George, Libby, How Africa Risks Reeling From a Health Crisis to a Food Crisis, available at: <https://mobile.reuters.com/article/amp/idUSKCN2260M2?__twitter_impression=true>.Search in Google Scholar
George, Libby, COVID-19 is Exacerbating Food Shortages in Africa,” Reuters (April 27, 2020), available at: <https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/africa-coronavirus-covid19-imports-exports-food-supply-chains>.Search in Google Scholar
Government of the Republic of Mauritius, National Intellectual Property Development Plan for the Republic of Mauritius: Needs Evaluation Report and Implementation Matrix (January 11, 2011) 19, available at: <http://www.mauritiustrade.mu/ressources/pdf/IPDP-FINAL-REPORT-2.pdf>.Search in Google Scholar
Guideline on the Measures to be Taken by Ministries, Departments, Etc. on the Containment of the Covid19 Epidemic, available at: <https://ndma.gov.in/images/covid/Guidelines.pdf>.Search in Google Scholar
Himmelgreen, David A., Romero-Daza Nancy, Turkon David, Watson Sharon, Okello-Uma Ipolto and Sellen Daniel, Addressing the HIV/AIDS—Food Insecurity Syndemic in Sub-Saharan Africa”, 8 African Journal of AIDS Research, no. 4 (2009).Search in Google Scholar
Ho, Crystal, Why is Asia so food insecure? (5 November, 2018), available at: <https://www.eco-business.com/news/why-is-asia-so-food-insecure/>.Search in Google Scholar
Ibirogba Femi, and Wada, Ibe, “School Feeding Scheme During Lockdown is Senseless, Fraudulent, Nigerians Knock FG”, The Guardian, 3 April 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Indonesian President Urges Authorities to Maintain Food Security Amidst Covid-19 Pandemic, available at: <http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2020-04/13/content_75927427.htm>, accessed 29 May, 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Izuaka Mary, “Nigeria: COVID-19 Will Have a Negative Impact on Food Security – Experts”, Premium Times, 9 April, 2002.Search in Google Scholar
Joseph Glauber, David Laborde et al., Covid-19: Trade Restrictions are Worst Possible Response to Safeguard Food Security, available at: <https://www.ifpri.org/blog/covid-19-trade-restrictions-are-worst-possible-response-safeguard-food-security>, accessed 20 May, 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Kaplan, D., Intellectual Property Rights and Innovation in South Africa: A Framework in World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO): The Economics of Intellectual Property in South Africa (June 2009).Search in Google Scholar
Kiragu, Alex, and Patricia Gwambo Ahawo, “Proposed Solutions for Sub-Saharan Africa for Food and Agriculture in the Context of COVID-19”, Afronomicslaw, 1 (6 May 2020), available at: <https://www.afronomicslaw.org/2020/05/16/proposed-solutions-for-sub-saharan-africa-for-food-and-agriculture-in-the-context-of-covid-19/ >.Search in Google Scholar
Mgbeoji, I., Bio-Cultural Knowledge and the Challenges of Intellectual Property Rights Regimes for African Development, NIALS Journal of Intellectual Property Vol. 1, no. 2 (2012).Search in Google Scholar
Mojeed Abdulkareem, “How coronavirus lockdown is affecting Nigeria’s food systems”, Premium Times, 13 April, 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Muchie, M., and Baskaran, A., (eds), Creating Systems of Innovation in Africa: Country Case Studies (Africa Institute of South Africa (AISA), TUT and Aalborg University, Pretoria, South Africa, 2013).Search in Google Scholar
Murphy, Sean, Biotechnology and International Law, 42 (Winter 2001) Harvard International Law Journal.Search in Google Scholar
Ngowi Deus, “EAC Wants Foods Security Uplifted”, Daily News, April 15, 2020, available at: <https://dailynews.co.tz/news/2020-04-155e96cea668196.aspx>.Search in Google Scholar
Omondi Jerry, “Southern African leaders meet over region’s COVID-19 response” (8 May 2020), available at: <https://africa.cgtn.com/2020/05/08/southern-african-leaders-meet-over-regions-covid-19-response/>.Search in Google Scholar
Pamela Coke Hamilton, Covid-19 and Food Security in Vulnerable Countries, available at: <https://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx?OriginalVersionID=2331>, accessed 2 May, 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Pasara Michael Takudzwa, and Diko Nolutho, The Effects of AfCFTA on Food Security Sustainability: An Analysis of the Cereals Trade in the SADC Region, Sustainability, 12, 1419 (2020).Search in Google Scholar
Pothan Pramitha Elizabeth, Taguchi Makiko, and Santini Guido, Local Food Systems and COVID-19; A Glimpse on India’s Responses, available at: <http://www.fao.org/in-action/food-for-cities-programme/news/detail/en/c/1272232/>.Search in Google Scholar
Resnick Danielle, COVID-19 Lockdowns Threaten Africa’s Vital Informal Urban Food Trade (31 March 2020), available at: <https://www.ifpri.org/blog/covid-19-lockdowns-threaten-africas-vital-informal-urban-food-trade>.Search in Google Scholar
Reuters, China Steps Up ’Green Channel’ to Supply Food for Locked-Down, Virus-Hit Wuhan, available at: <https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/01/30/asia-pacific/science-health-asia-pacific/chinese-farmers-supermarkets-race-supply-food-locked-wuhan/>.Search in Google Scholar
Reuters, Trade Restrictions on Food Exports Due to Coronavirus Pandemic, available at: <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-trade-food-factbox/trade-restrictions-on-food-exports-due-to-the-coronavirus-pandemic-idUSKBN21L332>, accessed 20 May, 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Sanchez, Erica, Keck, Madeleine, and Sepehr Jana, Half the World’s Poor Live in Just Five Countries: Report (16 January, 2019), available at: <https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/half-the-worlds-poor-live-in-five-countries/>.Search in Google Scholar
Savary, S., Bregaglio, S., Willocquet, L., et al., Crop Health and Its Global Impacts on the Components of Food Security, Food Sec, 9 (2017).Search in Google Scholar
Scheppler, A.J., Cassin, E.P., and Gambier, M.R., Biotechnology Explorations; Applying the Fundamentals, American Society for Microbiology (2000).Search in Google Scholar
Schmidhuber, Josef, Pound Jonathan and Qiao, Bing, COVID-19: Channels of Transmission to Food and Agriculture (2020) FAO, available at: <http://www.fao.org/3/ca8430en/CA8430EN.pdf>.Search in Google Scholar
SDGs Implementation in Africa Reflections on a Three-Year Journey, Kigali Convention Center, Rwanda Conference Report, 12th–14th June 2019, available at <https://sdgcafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/SDGCs-Implementationin-Africa-Reflection-on-3Y-Journey_Report.pdf>.Search in Google Scholar
Shiau, S., Krause, K.D., Valera, P., Swaminathan, S., and Halkitis, P.N., The Burden of Covid-19 in People Living with HIV: A Syndemic Perspective, AIDS and Behavior (2020).Search in Google Scholar
Solomon, Colette, “South Africa: COVID-19 - Lockdown Threatens Women Farm Workers’ Access to Food” (14 April 2020), available at: <https://www.groundup.org.za/article/covid-19-lockdown-threatens-women-farm-workers-access-food/>.Search in Google Scholar
Sova Chase, COVID-19 and the 5 Major Threats It Poses to Global Food Security: Virus Risks Undermining Efforts to Reverse Trend Of Rising Hunger (30 March, 2020), available at: <https://insight.wfp.org/covid-19-and-the-5-major-threats-it-poses-to-global-food-security-1c4da2ff6657>, accessed 28 May, 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Sustainable Development Goals, Decade of Action: Ten Years to Transform the World, available at: <https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/decade-of-action/>, accessed 29 April, 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Sustainable Development Goals, Envision 2030: 17 Goals to Transform The World for Persons with Disabilities, available at: <https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030.html>, accessed 27 April, 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Sustainable Development Goals, The 17 Goals, available at: <https://sdgs.un.org/goals>, accessed 31 July, 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Tantau Marcus, Is Indonesia facing a looming food crisis?, available at: <https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/is-indonesia-facing-a-looming-food-crisis/>.Search in Google Scholar
Tiensin Hanawat, Kalibata Agnes, and Cole Martin, Ensuring Food Security in the Era of COVID-19 (April 2020), available at: <https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2020/04/ensuring-food-security-covid-19/>.Search in Google Scholar
Tijani Taju, “Money, Covid-419 and Pandemic Corruption”, The Guardian, April 16, 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Tisnadibrata Ismira Lutfia, Indonesia’s virus response: Not tough enough?, available at: <https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1912232/indonesias-virus-response-not-tough-enough->.Search in Google Scholar
UNECA, Harnessing Technologies for Sustainable Development, a Publication of the Economic and Social Policy Division of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) 97, available at: <http://www.uneca.org/harnessingg/harnessingg.pdf>.Search in Google Scholar
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Review – Ghana (United Nations, New York, 2011).Search in Google Scholar
USAID, Agriculture and Food Security (August 19, 2019), available at: <https://www.usaid.gov/west-africa-regional/agriculture-and-food-security>, accessed May 9, 2020.Search in Google Scholar
US Food and Drug Administration, Industry FAQs: Animal Food Safety and the Coronavirus Disease (2019), available at: <https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-safety-and-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/industry-faqs-animal-food-safety-and-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19>.Search in Google Scholar
Wang, et al., The Food Pharmacy Network: An Alternative Method for Addressing Food Insecurity and an Assessment of Its Effectiveness, 4 Current Developments in Nutrition, no. 2 (2020), available at <https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa007>.Search in Google Scholar
Welsh Caitlin, Covid-19 and Food Security: What You Need to Know (24 April, 2020) Centre for Strategic and International Studies, available at <https://www.csis.org/programs/global-food-security-program/covid-19-and-food-security>.Search in Google Scholar
World Food Programme, The Market Monitor, no. 4 (April 2020), Y2020Q1, available at <https://dataviz.vam.wfp.org/global-coverage-market-monitor-47-apr 2020? ga=2.96220892.1131444151.1588138516-423216076.1588138516>.Search in Google Scholar
World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), Integrating Intellectual Property into Innovation Policy Formulation in Rwanda (November 2014), available at: <http://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_report_inn_rw.pdf>.Search in Google Scholar
World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), Intellectual Property Needs and Expectations of Traditional Knowledge Holders, WIPO Report on Fact-Finding Missions on Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge (1998-1999)” (April 2001).Search in Google Scholar
Worldometer, Asia Population, available at: <https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/asia-population/>.Search in Google Scholar
Worldometer, China Population, available at: <https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/china-population/>.Search in Google Scholar
Worldometer, Indonesia Population, available at: <https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/indonesia-population/>.Search in Google Scholar
Wunderlich Gooloo, S., and Norwood Janet, L., (eds), Food Insecurity and Hunger in the United States: An Assessment of the Measure to Review the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Measurement of Food Insecurity and Hunger (The National Academies Press, 2006).Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston