Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T16:18:50.889Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Law and finance in Britain c.1900

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 October 2019

Christopher Coyle*
Affiliation:
Queen's University Belfast
Aldo Musacchio*
Affiliation:
Brandeis University
John D. Turner*
Affiliation:
Queen's University Belfast
*
C. Coyle, email: C.coyle@qub
Corresponding author: A. Musacchio, Brandeis International Business School, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA02453, United States; email: aldom@brandeis.edu
J. Turner, email: j.turner@qub.ac.uk.

Abstract

In this article, using new estimates of the size of the UK's capital market, we examine financial development and investor protection laws in Britain c.1900 to test the influential law and finance hypothesis. Our evidence suggests that there was not a close correlation between financial development and investor protection laws c.1900 and that the size of the UK's share market is a puzzle given the paucity of statutory investor protection. To illustrate that Britain was not unique in its approach to investor protection in this era, we examine investor protection laws across legal families c.1900.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © European Association for Banking and Financial History e.V. 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

The authors would like to thank Claire Gilbert for her research assistance. We would also like to thank Dan Bogart, Mike Bordo, Lakshmi Iyer, Noel Maurer, Hugh Rockoff, Gail Triner, Eugene White, two anonymous referees and seminar participants at Universidad Carlos III, in Madrid, ITAM, Mexico City, and Rutgers for their comments and suggestions.

References

Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S. and Robinson, J. (2001). The colonial origins of comparative development: an empirical investigation. American Economic Review, 91, pp. 13691401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S. and Robinson, J. (2005). The rise of Europe: Atlantic trade, institutional change and economic growth. American Economic Review, 95, pp. 546–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acheson, G., Campbell, G. G. and Turner, J. D. (2016). Common law and the origin of shareholder protection. QUCEH Working Paper no. 2016–04.Google Scholar
Acheson, G., Campbell, G. G. and Turner, J. D. (2019). Private contracting, law, and finance. Review of Financial Studies, forthcoming.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acheson, G., Campbell, G. G., Turner, J. D. and Vanteeva, N. (2015). Corporate ownership and control in Victorian Britain. Economic History Review, 68, pp. 911–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aganin, A. and Volpin, P. (2006). The history of corporate ownership in Italy. In Morck, R. (ed.), A History of Corporate Governance around the World: Family Business Groups to Professional Managers. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press and NBER.Google Scholar
Banerjee, A. and Iyer, L. (2005). History, Institutions and economic performance: the legacy of colonial land tenure systems in India. American Economic Review, 95, pp. 11901213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, T., Demirguç-Kunt, A. and Levine, R. (2003a). Law and finance: why does legal origin matter? Journal of Comparative Economics, 31, pp. 653–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, T., Demirgüç-Kunt, A. and Levine, R. (2003b). Law, endowments, and finance. Journal of Financial Economics, 70(2), pp. 137–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benito Y Endara, L. (1912). The Commercial, Bills of Exchange, Bankruptcy and Maritime Law of Spain, trans. Bewes, W. A.. London: Sweet & Maxwell.Google Scholar
Bogart, D. (2009). Nationalizations and the development of transport systems: cross-country evidence from railroad networks, 1860–1912. Journal of Economic History, 69(1), pp. 202–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borchardt, O. and Kohler, J. (eds.). (1906–14). Die Handelsgesetze des Erdballs: umfassend das Handels-, Wechsel-, Konkurs- und Seerecht aller Kulturvölker, mit Ergänzungen und Erläuterungen aus dem Zivilrecht, Prozessrecht und der Gerichtsverfassung und einer Zusammenstellung der handelsrechtlichen Nebengesetze in der Landessprache mit gegenüberstehender deutscher Übersetzung, vols. ixiv. Berlin: Decker.Google Scholar
Bordo, M. D. and Rousseau, P. L. (2006). Legal-political factors and the historical evolution of the finance-growth link. European Review of Economic History, 10(3), pp. 421–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Botero, J. C., Djankov, S., Porta, R. L., Lopez-De-Silanes, F. and Shleifer, A. (2004). The regulation of labor. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(4), pp. 1339–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brazil (1931–57). Collecção das leis da República dos Estados Unidos do Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Hauptsacht.Google Scholar
Brown, R. (1900). Comparative legislation in bankruptcy. Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, 2(2), pp. 251–70.Google Scholar
Burhop, C., Chambers, D. and Cheffins, B. R. (2014). Regulating IPOs: evidence from going public in London, 1900–1913. Explorations in Economic History, 51, pp. 6076.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, G. G. and Turner, J. D. (2011). Substitutes for legal protection: corporate governance and dividends in Victorian Britain. Economic History Review, 64(2), pp. 571–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheffins, B. R. (2001). Does law matter? The separation of ownership and control in the United Kingdom. Journal of Legal Studies, 30(2), pp. 459–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheffins, B. R. (2008). Corporate Ownership and Control: British Business Transformed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheffins, B. R., Bank, S. A. and Wells, H. (2014). The race to the bottom recalculated: scoring corporate law over time. ECGI Law Working Paper no. 261.Google Scholar
Coermann, W. and Hennebicq, L. (1909). Le droit commercial, le droit du change, le droit des faillites et le droit maritime de la Belgique et de l'État du Congo. Berlin: Decker.Google Scholar
Coyle, C. and Turner, J. D. (2013). Law, politics, and financial development: the great reversal of the UK corporate debt market. Journal of Economic History, 73, pp. 809–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, P. L., Worthington, S. and Micheler, E. (2012). Gower and Davies' Principles of Modern Company Law, 9th edn. London: Sweet & Maxwell.Google Scholar
Dimson, E., Marsh, P. and Staunton, M. (2002). Triumph of the Optimists: 101 Years of Global Investment Returns. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Djankov, S., La Porta, R., Lopez De Silanes, F. and Shleifer, A. (2002). The regulation of entry. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(1), pp. 137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Djankov, S., Mcliesh, C. and Shleifer, A. (2007). Private credit in 129 countries. Journal of Financial Economics, 84(2), pp. 299329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, J. R. and Webb, K. M. (1985). Use of Table A by companies registering under the Companies Act 1862. Accounting and Business Research, 15(59), pp. 177–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emden, A. (1884). The Shareholders’ Legal Guide; Being a Statement of the Law Relating to Shares, and of the Legal Rights and Responsibilities of Shareholders. London: William Clowes and Sons.Google Scholar
Flandreau, M. and Zumer, F. (2004). The Making of Global Finance 1880–1913. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Fohlin, C. (2007). Does civil law tradition and universal banking crowd out securities markets? Pre-World War I Germany as counter-example. Enterprise & Society, 8(3), pp. 602–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fohlin, C. (2012). Mobilizing Money: How the World's Richest Nations Financed Industrial Growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Foreman-Peck, J. S. and Hannah, L. (2012). Extreme divorce: the managerial revolution in UK companies before 1914. Economic History Review, 65(4), pp. 1217–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foreman-Peck, J. S. and Hannah, L. (2015). UK corporate law and corporate governance before 1914: a re-interpretation. EHES Working Papers in Economic History.Google Scholar
Franks, J., Mayer, C. and Miyajima, H. (2007). Evolution of ownership: the curious case of Japan. Mimeo, Waseda University.Google Scholar
Franks, J., Mayer, C. and Rossi, S. (2009). Ownership: evolution and regulation. Review of Financial Studies, 22(10), pp. 4009–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franks, J., Mayer, C. and Wagner, H. F. (2006). The origins of the German corporation – finance, ownership and control. Review of Finance, 10(4), pp. 537–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glaeser, E. L. and Shleifer, A. (2002). Legal origins. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(4), pp. 11931229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gore-Browne, F. (1902). A Handy Book on the Formation, Management and Winding Up of Joint Stock Companies, 24th edn. London: Jordan & Sons.Google Scholar
Grossman, R. S. (2002). New indices of British equity prices, 1870–1913. Journal of Economic History, 62(1), pp. 121–46.Google Scholar
Grossman, R. S. (2015). Bloody foreigners! Overseas equity on the London Stock Exchange, 1869–1928. Economic History Review, 68(2), pp. 471521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossman, R. S. (2017). Stocks for the long run: new monthly indices of British equities, 1869–1929. CEPR Discussion Paper no. DP12121.Google Scholar
Guinnane, T. W., Harris, R. and Lamoreaux, N. R. (2017). Contractual freedom and corporate governance in Britain in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Business History Review, 91(2), pp. 227–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guinnane, T., Harris, R., Lamoreaux, N. R. and Rosenthal, J. L. (2007). Putting the corporation in its place. Enterprise & Society, 8(3), pp. 687729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hannah, L. (2007a). The ‘divorce’ of ownership from control from 1900 onwards: re-calibrating imagined global trends. Business History, 49(4), pp. 404–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hannah, L. (2007b). Pioneering modern corporate governance: a view from London in 1900. Enterprise & Society, 8(3), pp. 642–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hannah, L. (2015). A global corporate census: publicly traded and close companies in 1910. Economic History Review, 68(2), pp. 548–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilt, E. (2008). When did ownership separate from control? Corporate governance in the early nineteenth century. Journal of Economic History, 68(3), pp. 645–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilt, E. (2013). Shareholder voting rights in early American corporations. Business History, 55(4), pp. 620–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horn, G. VON and Coermann, W. (1906). Le droit commercial, le contrat de change, le droit de faillite et le droit maritime de la France et de ses colonies. Berlin: Decker.Google Scholar
Investor's Monthly Manual, various issues.Google Scholar
Islas Rojas, G. (2013). Does regulation matter? An analysis of corporate charters in a laissez-faire environment. Revista de Historia Economica – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, 31(1), pp. 1139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jefferys, J. B. (1977). Business Organisation in Great Britain, 1856–1914. New York: Arno Press.Google Scholar
Jones, M. T. and Obstfeld, M. (2001). Saving, investment, and gold: A reassessment of historical current account data. In Calvo, G. A., Dornbusch, R. and Obstfeld, M. (eds.), Money, Capital Mobility, and Trade: Essays in Honor of Robert Mundell. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
La Porta, R., Lopez-De-Silanes, F. and Shleifer, A. (1999). Corporate ownership around the world. Journal of Finance, 54(2), pp. 471517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Porta, R., Lopez-De-Silanes, F. and Shleifer, A. (2006). What works in securities laws? Journal of Finance, 61(1), pp. 132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Porta, R., Lopez-De-Silanes, F. and Shleifer, A. (2008). The economic consequences of legal origins. Journal of Economic Literature, 46(2), pp. 285332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Porta, R., Lopez-De-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R. W. (1997). Legal determinants of external finance. Journal of Finance, 52(3), pp. 1131–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Porta, R., Lopez-De-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R. W. (1998). Law and finance. Journal of Political Economy, 106(6), pp. 1113–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Porta, R., Lopez-De-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R. (2000a). Investor protection and corporate governance. Journal of Financial Economics, 58(1–2), pp. 327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Porta, R., Lopez-De-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R. W. (2000b). Agency problems and dividend policies around the world. Journal of Finance, 55(1), pp. 133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamoreaux, N. R. and Rosenthal, J. L. (2006). Corporate governance and the plight of minority shareholders in the United States before the Great Depression. In Glaeser, E. L. and Goldin, C. (eds.), Corruption and Reform: Lessons from America's Economic History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Levine, R. (1998). The legal environment, banks, and long-run economic growth. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 30(3), pp. 596613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, R. (1999). Law, finance, and economic growth. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 8(1–2), pp. 835.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, R., Loayza, N. and Beck, T. (2000). Financial intermediation and growth: causality and causes. Journal of Monetary Economics, 46(1), pp. 3177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malmendier, U. (2009). Law and finance ‘at the origin’. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(4), pp. 10761108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melsheimer, R. E. and Gardner, S. (1891). The Law and Customs of the Stock Exchange, 3rd edn. London: Henry Sweet and Sons.Google Scholar
Melsheimer, R. E. and Gardner, S. (1905). The Law and Customs of the Stock Exchange. London: Sweet & Maxwell.Google Scholar
Melsheimer, R. E. and Laurence, W. (1884). The Law and Customs of the Stock Exchange, 2nd edn. London: Sweet & Maxwell.Google Scholar
Michie, R. (1999). The London Stock Exchange: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, L. (2010). World financial markets, 1900–1925. Mimeo.Google Scholar
Morck, R. and Yeung, B. (2011). Economics, history, and causation. Business History Review, 85(1), pp. 3953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Musacchio, A. (2008). Can civil law countries get good institutions? Lessons from the history of creditor rights and bond markets in Brazil. Journal of Economic History, 68(1), pp. 80108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Musacchio, A. (2009). Experiments in Financial Democracy: Corporate Governance and Financial Development in Brazil, 1882–1950. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Musacchio, A. and Turner, J. D. (2013). Does the law and finance hypothesis pass the test of history? Business History, 55(4), pp. 524–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Officer, L. H. (2015) Dollar–pound exchange rate from 1791. www.measuringworth.com/exchangepound/Google Scholar
Quesada, E. (1912). The Commercial, Bills of Exchange, Bankruptcy and Maritime of Law of the Argentine Republic, trans. Bewes, W. A.. London: Sweet & Maxwell.Google Scholar
Rajan, R. G. and Zingales, L. (2003). The great reversals: the politics of financial development in the twentieth century. Journal of Financial Economics, 69(1), pp. 550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roe, M. J. (2006). Legal origins, politics, and modern stock markets. Harvard Law Review, 120, pp. 460527.Google Scholar
Scrutton, T. E., Bowstead, W., Huberich, C. H. and Baker, J. R. (1911). The Commercial Laws of the World: Comprising the Mercantile, Bills of Exchange, Bankruptcy, and Maritime Laws of All Civilized Nations, vol. vii: The Commercial Law of the United States of America, parts 1–12. Boston, MA: Boston Books.Google Scholar
Spamann, H. (2010). The ‘antidirector rights index’ revisited. Review of Financial Studies, 23(2), 467–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stock Exchange Official Intelligence (1899–1930). London: Spottiswoode, Ballantyne.Google Scholar
Stock Exchange Yearbook, various issues.Google Scholar
Sylla, R. (2006). Schumpeter redux: a review of Raghuram G. Rajan and Luigi Zingales's Saving Capitalism from the Capitalists. Journal of Economic Literature, 44(2), pp. 391404.Google Scholar
Thomas, W. A. (1973). The Provincial Stock Exchanges. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wellhoff, S. (1917). Sociétés par actions. Alexandria: Société de Publications Égyptiennes.Google Scholar
Williams, E. T. (1905). Recent Chinese Legislation Relating to Commercial, Railway and Mining Enterprises. Shanghai: Shanghai Mercury.Google Scholar
Xu, G. (2011). The role of law in economic growth: a literature review. Journal of Economic Surveys, 25(5), pp. 833–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar