Abstract
This paper investigates how English as a lingua franca is used to manage adversarial moments in casual conversation among friends, using conversation analysis and politeness theory. It presents a single case analysis of face negotiation devices utilized in two cases of third-party complaint sequences, in which complaints are made about someone else who is not present. The two cases to be analyzed were extracted from recordings of conversation of international students in British universities. The analysis revealed that the interactants utilize verbal and nonverbal devices, which are sometimes linguistically inexplicit but nonverbally resourceful, in a pragmatically sensitive manner in situ, thereby saving mutual face, intensifying the degree of face-threatening, or expressing disaffiliation in a face-saving way.
論文概要：
本稿は、友人同士の会話の敵対的な時点において、共通語としての英語がどのように使用されているかを会話分析及びポライトネス理論を用いて調査するものである。特に英国の大学の留学生間の会話中に生じたその場にいない第三者に対する不平不満を述べるやり取りに焦点を当て、フェイス交渉過程を単一事例分析の技法を用いて詳細分析した。その結果、会話者らはその場に適した言語・非言語的装置―それらは時折言語的には明瞭ではないが、非言語的には資源に富んでいる―を巧みに用いることによって、互いのフェイスを保ったり、フェイスを脅かす度合いを強めたり、あるいはフェイス保つ方法で反意を表したりしていることが明らかになった。
Funding statement: This study was partially supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI Grant Number 24720273. An earlier, shorter version of this paper was published in Waseda Working Papers in ELF, volume 4.
About the author
Mayu Konakahara is Lecturer at the Department of English, the Faculty of Foreign Languages, Kanda University of International Studies, Japan. She also teaches part-time at Waseda University, where she obtained a PhD. Her research interests lie in the investigation of discourse-pragmatic features in ELF interactions and ELF users’ attitudes and identities.
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the journal editor and two anonymous reviewers for their extremely valuable suggestions for improvement.
Appendix: Transcription conventions
- [[
Double left-hand square brackets mark simultaneous starts.
- [
A single left-hand square bracket marks the onset of the overlapping talk.
- ]
A single right-hand square bracket marks the end of overlapping talk.
- =
An equal mark indicates latching.
- wor-
A hyphen marks an abrupt cut-off.
- (.)
A dot in round brackets indicates micro pauses (0.1 to 0.3 seconds).
- (0.8)
The length of pauses with more than 0.3 seconds is specified in round brackets.
- wo:
A colon marks elongated sounds.
- emphasis
Underlined fragments indicate speaker emphasis.
- ↑↓
A vertical upward or downward arrow marks a corresponding shift to high or low pitch.
- word.
A dot marks falling intonation.
- word?
A question mark indicates a rising intonation.
- word¿
An inverse question mark indicates a slightly rising intonation.
- word!
Exclamation marks are used to indicate an emphatic tone.
- .hh
A series of h’s preceded by a dot marks audible inhalation.
- hh
A series of h’s not preceded by a dot marks audible exhalation.
- £smile£
Pound signs enclose utterances produced in a smile voice.
- °soft°
Degree signs enclose utterances produced softly.
- >fast<
Signs of inequality enclose utterances produced at a fast rate of speech.
- ((info))
Double round brackets enclose notes of contextual information and/or nonverbal behavior.
- (guess)
The words within a single bracket indicate the author’s best guess at an unclear utterance.
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