Abstract
African Americans and other minorities (AAOM) are under-represented in careers in medicine, public health, and research. Furthermore, African Americans suffer more disproportionately from racial health disparities across most health indicators. Scholars suggest that the underrepresentation of AAOM public health and medical professionals contributes to the racial and ethnic health disparity trends in the USA. Thus, an increase in African American public health professionals may lead to a decrease in health disparities in African American communities. This manuscript will share a qualitative research study designed to explore motivators to engage African American students into careers in public health. Grounded theory and the feedforward model were used to explore critical career motivators, career decisions, career trajectories, barriers, and methods to overcome barriers among 20 African American public health graduate students and professionals. Eight motivators and six recommendations were identified to engage African Americans into careers in Public Health.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agarwal, R. & Umphress, D. (2010). A flexible model for simulation of software development process. Proceedings of the 48th Annual Southeast Regional Conference. 40, 204–218.
Annang, L., Richter, D. L., Fletcher, F. E., Weis, M. A., Fernandes, P. R., & Clary, L. A. (2010). Diversifying the academic public health workforce: strategies to extend the discourse about limited racial and ethnic diversity in the public health academy. Association of Black Nursing Faculty Journal, 21(2), 39–43.
Association of Schools of Public Health (ASPH) (2008). Annual report 2008: Fall 2008: applications new enrollment students, 2007-2008 Graduates. Retrieved from http://www.asph.org/UserFiles/2008%20Data%20Report.pdf.
Basso, D., & Belardinelli, M. O. (2006). The role of the feedforward paradigm in cognitive psychology. Cognitive Process, 7, 73–88.
Boekeloo, B. O., Jones, C., Bhagat, K., Siddiqui, J., & Wang, M. Q. (2015). The role of intrinsic motivation in pursuit of health science-related careers among youth from underrepresented low socioeconomic populations. Journal of Urban Health, 92(5), 980–994.
Bouye, K. E., McCleary, K. J., & Williams, K. B. (2016). Increasing diversity in the health professions: reflections on student pipeline programs. Journal of Healthcare Science and The Humanities, 6(1), 67–79.
Butty, J. M., Richardson, F., Mouton, C. P., Royal, C., Green, R. D., & Munroe, K. (2012). Evaluation findings from genetics and family health history community-based workshops for African Americans. Journal of Community Genetics, 3(1), 1–12.
Calender, A. (2006). Recruiting underrepresented minorities to chiropractic colleges. Journal of Chiropractic Education, 20(2), 123–127.
Capelo, C., & Dias, J. F. (2009). A feedback learning and mental models’ perspective on strategic decision making. Education Technology Research Development, 57(5), 629–644.
Cargill, V. A. (2009). Recruiting, retaining, maintaining racial and ethnic minority investigators: why we should bother, why we should care. American Journal of Public Health, 99(S1), S5–S7.
Creswell, J. W. (Ed.). (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design: choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Creswell, J. W. (Ed.). (2009). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Dean, H. D., Myles, R. L., Spears-Jones, C., Bishop-Cline, A., & Fenton, K. A. (2014). A strategic approach to public health workforce development and capacity building. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 47(5S3), S288–S296.
Derksen, D., Whelan, E.M. “Closing the health care workforce gap: reforming federal health care workforce policies to meet the need of the 21st century” retrieved from the world wide web at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/01/pdf/health_care_workforce.pdf. December 2009.
Fleming, R., Berkowitz, B., & Cheadle, A. D. (2005). Increasing minority representation in the health professions. Journal of School Nursing, 21(1), 31–38.
Gefter, L., Spahr, J., Gruber, J., Rose, S., Watson, L., & Mann, B. (2018). Addressing health disparities with school-based outreach: the Health Career Academy Program. J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 5, 700–711.
Gibbons, M. M., & Shoffner, M. F. (2004). Prospective first-generation college students: meeting their needs through social cognitive career theory. Professional School Counseling, 8(1), 91–97.
Grumbach, K., & Mendoza, R. (2008). Disparities in human resources: addressing the lack of diversity in the health professions. Health Affairs, 27(2), 413–422.
Kreuter, M. W., Griffith, D. J., Thompson, V., Brownson, R. C., McClure, S., Scharff, D. P., Clark, E. M., & Haire-Joshu, D. (2011). Lessons learned from a decade of focused recruitment and training to develop minority public health professionals. Framing Health Matters, 101(S1), S188–S195.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. London: Sage.
Lyon, G. H., Jafri, J., & St. Louis, K. (2012). STEM pathways for youth development. Beyond the Pipeline, 48–57.
Mitchell, D. A., & Lassiter, S. L. (2006). Addressing health care disparities and increasing workforce diversity: the next step for the dental, medical, and public health professions. American Journal of Public Health, 96(12), 2093–2097.
Mondisa, J.L., & McComb, S.A. (The role of social community and individual differences in minority mentoring programs. Mentoring & Tutoring :Partnership in learning, 26(1), 91–113.
Polkinghorne, D. (2005). Language and meaning: data collection and qualitative research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0617.52.2.137.
Rao, V., & Flores, G. (2007). Why aren’t there more African-American physicians? A qualitative study and exploratory inquiry of African-American students’ perspectives on careers in medicine. Journal of the National Medical Association, 99(9), 986–993.
Rashied-Henry, K., Fraser-White, M., Robert, C. B., Wilson, T. E., Morgan, R., Brown, H., Shaw, R., Jean-Louis, G., Graham, Y. J., Brown, C., & Browne, R. (2012). Engaging minority high school students as health disparities interns: findings and policy implications of a summer youth pipeline program. Journal of the National Medical Association, 104(9), 412–419.
Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for Information, 22, 63–75.
Smith, S. G., Nsiah-Kumi, P. A., Jones, P. R., & Pamies, R. J. (2009). Pipeline programs in the health professions, part 1: preserving diversity and reducing health disparities. Journal of the National Medical Association, 101(9), 836–847.
Sullivan Commission (2004). Missing person: minorities in the health professions: a report of the Sullivan Commission on diversity in the healthcare workforce. Retrieved from http://www.aacn.nche.edu/media/pdf/sullivanreport.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2018.
Sullivan, L. W., & Mittman, I. S. (2010). (2010). The state of diversity in the health professions a century after Flexner. Academic Medicine, 85(2), 246–252.
Syed, M., & Chemers, M. M. (2011). Ethnic minorities and women in STEM: casting a wide net to address a persistent social problem. Journal of Social Issues, 67(3), 435–441.
Tuckett, A. G. (2005). Part II. Rigor in qualitative research: complexities and solutions. Nurse Researcher, 13(1), 29–42.
Valentine, P., Wyne, J., & McLean, D. (2016). Improving diversity in the health professions. NCMJ, 77(2), 137–140.
Vogel, K. J., Murthy, V. S., Dudley, B., Grubs, R. E., Gettig, E., Ford, A., & Thomas, S. B. (2007). The use of family health histories to address health disparities in an African American community. Health Promotion Practice, 8(4), 350–357.
Walpole, M. (2008). Emerging from the pipeline: African American students, socioeconomic status, and college experiences and outcomes. Research in Higher Education, 49, 237–255.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1864 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in this study.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Key, K.D. Increasing African American Public Health Professionals: Utilizing the Feedfoward Model to Address Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities in the African American Community. J Afr Am St 24, 195–209 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-020-09473-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-020-09473-8