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The role of traditional folklore in facilitating adult learning in Nigeria

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Abstract

Adults, unlike children, have a wide variety of prior experiences and knowledge which they bring to the processes of learning they engage in at later stages of life. This difference between teaching children (pedagogy) and teaching adults was identified by Malcolm Knowles in the 1980s. He coined the term andragogy to describe the art and science of helping adults learn. Andragogy is premised on five key tenets: self-concept; experience; readiness to learn; orientation to learn; and motivation. These are often absent from the conventional facilitation methods used for adult learning and education (ALE) in Nigeria. The author of this article notes that many ALE programmes fail to meet the needs and expectations which motivate learners to engage in a course. She argues that for learning outcomes to be more successful, teaching methods need to be more creative and take learners’ prior experience and knowledge into consideration. After reviewing literature on the topic of adult learning, this article examines conventional methods of facilitating ALE in South West Nigeria. The author points out some of these methods’ shortcomings and suggests that one viable approach to addressing these might be to introduce the use of traditional folklore for andragogical purposes. The author posits that integrating oral tradition would also enable a more playful approach to adult learning. In a practice-oriented vein, she discusses the innovative and andragogical elements inherent in folktales, lullabies, folksongs, poetry, proverbs and riddles, illustrating her discussion with Yoruba examples. She concludes that folklore is useful as an independent or integral ALE facilitation method, with promising potential to make ALE more effective.

Résumé

Rôle du folklore traditionnel en faveur de l’apprentissage des adultes au Nigéria – À la différence des enfants, les adultes possèdent et apportent une grande variété d’expériences et de connaissances antérieures dans les démarches d’apprentissage qu’ils engagent à des étapes ultérieures de leur vie. Malcolm Knowles établit dans les années 1980 la différence entre l’enseignement aux enfants (la pédagogie) et celui dispensé aux adultes. Il créa le terme d’andragogie pour décrire l’art et la science d’aider les adultes à apprendre. Elle repose sur cinq principes fondamentaux: concept de soi, expérience, volonté d’apprendre, orientation de l’apprentissage et motivation. Ces principes sont souvent absents des méthodes conventionnelles d’animation utilisées dans l’apprentissage et l’éducation des adultes au Nigéria. L’auteure de l’article constate qu’un grand nombre de programmes afférents échouent à répondre aux besoins et aux attentes qui motivent les apprenants à s’inscrire à un cours. Elle affirme que pour obtenir des résultats d’apprentissage plus concluants, les méthodes d’enseignement devraient être plus créatives et prendre en compte les connaissances et expériences antérieures des apprenants. Après avoir recensé la documentation existante sur l’apprentissage des adultes, elle examine les méthodes conventionnelles d’animation en apprentissage et éducation des adultes qui sont appliquées dans le sud-ouest du Nigéria. Elle relève plusieurs insuffisances dans ces méthodes et suggère qu’une solution viable pour y remédier consisterait à introduire le folklore traditionnel à des fins andragogiques. Elle postule que l’intégration de la tradition orale permettrait par ailleurs une approche plus ludique de l’apprentissage des adultes. Dans une optique orientée sur la pratique, elle analyse les éléments innovants et andragogiques inhérents aux contes populaires, berceuses, comptines, chansons populaires, poèmes, proverbes et devinettes, illustrant son analyse au moyen d’exemples tirés de la culture yoruba. Elle conclut que le folklore peut être exploité en tant que méthode, soit autonome soit intégrée, d’animation en apprentissage et éducation des adultes, au potentiel prometteur pour en accroître l’efficacité.

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Notes

  1. According to UNESCO, a learning society is “a community that promotes a culture of learning by developing effective local partnerships between all sectors of the community, and supports and motivates individuals and organisations to learn” (UNESCO IIEP n.d.).

  2. While pedagogy refers to the teaching of a child/children, andragogy [andr is ancient Greek for man] refers to helping an adult/adults to learn.

  3. Nigeria gained independence on 1 October 1960.

  4. Established in 1911, the Phelps-Stokes Fund is “an American philanthropic organisation interested in Africa, particularly in its religious and educational affairs” (Fafunwa 1974, p. 119).

  5. In this context, sandwich learning refers to a non-conventional tertiary degree programme designed for adults to obtain a Bachelor of Education in five academic sessions. The programme is usually conducted during school holidays to allow teachers to improve their educational qualifications, i.e. it’s “sandwiched” between school terms – hence the name.

  6. The Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme was launched in 1999. Its major objective was to provide free, universal and compulsory basic education for every Nigerian child aged 6–15 years. In 2004, the Nigerian government passed the Compulsory, Free Universal Basic Education Act (FRN 2004). Its preliminary section defines “Universal Basic Education” as “early childhood care and education, the nine years of formal schooling, adult literacy and non-formal education, skills acquisition programmes and the education of special groups such as nomads and migrants, girl-child and women, almajiri [nomadic pastoralists], street children and disabled groups” (ibid., section 14, p. A121, emphasis added).

  7. Conceptualised by American sociologist Jack Mezirow in the late 1970s, “transformative learning” refers to “the process of using a prior interpretation to construe a new or revised interpretation of the meaning of one’s experience in order to guide future action” (Mezirow 1996, p. 162). According to Mezirow, the learner transforms through a 10-stage process: (1) disorientation; (2) self-examination; (3) critical assessment; (4) sharing transformational uncertainty; (5) exploring options; (6) committing to a course of action; (7) preparing to act; (8) provisional testing of knowledge; (9) confidence and fluency; and (10) reintegration of knowledge (ibid.).

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Correspondence to Elizabeth Aanuoluwapo Ajayi.

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Ajayi, E.A. The role of traditional folklore in facilitating adult learning in Nigeria. Int Rev Educ 65, 859–877 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-019-09807-z

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