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Microsatellite Markers Reveal Unprecedented High Frequencies of Hybridization among Typha Species in the Midwestern US

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Abstract

In North American wetlands, two cattail species -native Typha latifolia and exotic T. angustifolia- hybridize generating T. x glauca. Typha angustifolia and the hybrid spread invasively, negatively affecting wetlands. Due to high trait variability and hybridization, Typha species are difficult to identify morphologically. Building on previous work that relied on microsatellite markers to differentiate Typha species (including hybrids, parental backcrosses, and advanced-generation hybrids) in southern Canada and in the US upper Midwest and northeast, our goals were to 1) estimate relative frequencies of parental species in additional Midwestern cattail populations, and 2) quantify their hybridization. We also assessed level of agreement between morphological identification based on leaf width and gap between inflorescences and molecular identification. Using 6 microsatellites markers (4 used previously in other populations and 2 novel ones), we identified ~25% of the samples as native T. latifolia, while ~6% were exotic T. angustifolia. Furthermore, 19% of the samples were first-generation hybrids (T. x glauca) and 50% were advanced-generation hybrids, with backcrosses to native T. latifolia being almost twice as high as those to exotic T. angustifolia, rates that are much larger than previously reported. Agreement between morphological and molecular identification was lower than expected highlighting the fact that these morphological traits can be misleading when used alone in cattail identification. We caution that the seemingly asymmetric hybridization towards the native Typha latifolia could potentially lead to its extinction in the Midwest. Cattail management may thus require efforts to preserve the native cattail through seed banking and/or other approaches.

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Fig. 1
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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code Availability (Software Application or Custom Code)

Not applicable.

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Acknowledgments

We thank J. Fant at the Chicago Botanic Garden for allowing us to use their gene sequencer, and to D. Arrecis, S. García, M. Guy, A. Kish, J. Marsili, G. Monterroso, J. Shaier, S. Spence, S. Wunderle for their assistance in the field and laboratory. In addition, we would like to acknowledge the support of Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Du Page Forest Preserve District, Kane County Forest Preserve District, Indiana DNR, Michigan DNR, and Wisconsin DNR that issued research permits as well as several owners that allowed access to private lands. Financial support for this study was provided by a Research Starter Grant to P.G. from the National Science Foundation (DEB 1034855), and several summer research grants by the NEIU’s Student Center for Science Engagement, NEIU’s Committee for Organized Research (COR) grants, and NEIU’s Research Communities grants to P.G., J.P.O., A.S., and F. Iacobelli.

Funding

Financial support for this study was provided by a Research Starter Grant to P.G. from the National Science Foundation (DEB 1034855), and several summer research grants by the NEIU’s Student Center for Science Engagement, NEIU’s Committee for Organized Research (COR) grants, and NEIU’s Research Communities grants to P.G., J.P.O., A.S., and F. Iacobelli.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 N. St. Louis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60625, USA

    Pamela Geddes, Yaiyr Astudillo-Scalia, Davis Blasini, Sarah Nugent, María Jazmín Ríos, Aaron E. Schirmer & Joel P. Olfelt

  2. Environmental Science Program, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 N. St. Louis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60625, USA

    Pamela Geddes & Lynnette Murphy

  3. Paul H. O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 1315 E. Tenth St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA

    Lynnette Murphy

  4. College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA

    Yaiyr Astudillo-Scalia

  5. Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, 1201 N. Galvin Pkwy, Phoenix, AZ, 85008, USA

    Davis Blasini

  6. Palos Verdes/South Bay Audubon Society, P.O. Box 2582, Palos Verdes, CA, 90274, USA

    María Jazmín Ríos

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  1. Pamela Geddes
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Contributions

PG contributed to the study conception and design. Funding was acquired by PG, JPO, and AS. Supervision of project was conducted by PG, AS, and JPO. Specimen collection was done by JPO, YAS, DB, SN, and MJR. Material preparation, data collection, and analyses were performed by LM, YAS, DB, SN, MJR, and PG. The first draft of the manuscript was written by PG and first review and editing was done by AS and JPO. Map was created by DB. All authors commented on subsequent versions of the manuscript and read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Pamela Geddes.

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Geddes, P., Murphy, L., Astudillo-Scalia, Y. et al. Microsatellite Markers Reveal Unprecedented High Frequencies of Hybridization among Typha Species in the Midwestern US. Wetlands 41, 24 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-021-01429-2

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