Abstract
In this study, the effects of time and temperature of heat treatment on Ni-20 wt.% Al flame spraying coatings were studied. The objectives are to find the optimal sample in terms of microstructure and compare its oxidation resistance with the as-sprayed coating. The coatings were deposited by flame spraying on low carbon (St 37) steel substrate. The specimens were heat-treated in vacuum at 850 °C and 950 °C for 1 h and at 1050 °C for 1, 3, and 6 h. Microstructural characterization and phase analysis were performed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, and x-ray diffraction, respectively. The results showed that the lowest porosity (0.43 %) and the highest NiAl content were achieved for the sample heat-treated at 1050 °C for 1 h. Optimized heat-treated, as-sprayed, and bare steel specimens were exposed to ambient air at 800 °C in order to evaluate their durability and oxidation resistance. The results showed that their oxidation rate constants were 24.66, 65.06, and 269.42, respectively. Most of the NiAl content in the coating was responsible for covering the coating surface by a protective γ-Al2O3 layer during the high-temperature oxidation process.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
B. Saeedi, A.S.R. Aghdam and G. Gholami, A study on nanostructured in-situ oxide dispersed NiAl coating and its high temperature oxidation behavior, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2015, 276, p 704–713.
M. Sun, A. Yerokhin, A. Matthews, M. Thomas, A. Laukart, M. von Hausen and C.P. Klages, Characterisation and electrochemical evaluation of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on magnesium with plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition post-treatments, Plasma Processes Polym., 2016, 13(2), p 266–278.
P. Zhang, J. Liu, G. Xu, X. Yi, J. Chen and Y. Wu, Anticorrosive property of Al coatings on sintered NdFeB substrates via plasma assisted physical vapor deposition method, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2015, 282, p 86–93.
D. Chaliampalias, S. Andronis, N. Pliatsikas, E. Pavlidou, D. Tsipas, S. Skolianos, K. Chrissafis, G. Stergioudis, P. Patsalas and G. Vourlias, Formation and oxidation resistance of Al/Ni coatings on low carbon steel by flame spray, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2014, 255, p 62–68.
M. Srivastava, J. Balaraju, B. Ravisankar, C. Anandan and V.W. Grips, High temperature oxidation and corrosion behaviour of Ni/Ni-Co-Al composite coatings, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2012, 263, p 597–607.
H.Y. Lee, S.H. Jung, S.Y. Lee and K.H. Ko, Alloying of cold-sprayed Al-Ni composite coatings by post-annealing, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2007, 253(7), p 3496–3502.
B. Movahedi, M. Enayati and M. Salehi, Thermal spray coatings of Ni-10 wt-% Al composite powder synthesised by low energy mechanical milling, Surf. Eng., 2009, 25(4), p 276–283.
K.S. Mohammed and H.T. Naeem, Effect of milling parameters on the synthesis of Al-Ni intermetallic compound prepared by mechanical alloying, Phys. Metals Metallogr., 2015, 116(9), p 859–868.
Y. Wang, Y. Yang and M. Yan, Microstructures, hardness and erosion behavior of thermal sprayed and heat treated NiAl coatings with different ceria, Wear, 2007, 263(1–6), p 371–378.
A. Marinou, G. Xanthopoulou, G. Vekinis, A. Lekatou and M. Vardavoulias, Synthesis and heat treatment of sprayed high-temperature NiAl-Ni3Al coatings by in-flight combustion synthesis (CAFSY), Int. J. Self Propag. High Temp. Synth., 2015, 24(4), p 192–202.
K. Abdalla, A. Rahmat and A. Azizan, Influence of activation treatment with nickel acetate on the zinc phosphate coating formation and corrosion resistance, Mater. Corros., 2014, 65(10), p 977–981.
M. Moshksar and M. Mirzaee, Formation of NiAl intermetallic by gradual and explosive exothermic reaction mechanism during ball milling, Intermetallics, 2004, 12(12), p 1361–1366.
K. Bochenek and M. Basista, Advances in processing of NiAl intermetallic alloys and composites for high temperature aerospace applications, Prog. Aerosp. Sci., 2015, 79, p 136–146.
P. Jozwik, W. Polkowski and Z. Bojar, Applications of Ni3Al based intermetallic alloys—current stage and potential perceptivities, Materials, 2015, 8(5), p 2537–2568.
W. Lee, Oxidation and sulfidation of Ni3Al, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2002, 76(1), p 26–37.
J.R. Davis, Handbook of Thermal Spray Technology, ASM International, Cleveland, 2004.
S. Ranade, M. Forsyth and M. Tan, In situ measurement of pipeline coating integrity and corrosion resistance losses under simulated mechanical strains and cathodic protection, Prog. Org. Coat., 2016, 101, p 111–121.
R.M. Trommer and C.P. Bergmann, Flame Spray Technology: Method for Production of Nanopowders, Springer, Berlin, 2015.
R.B. Heimann, Plasma-Spray Coating: Principles and Applications, Wiley, Hoboken, 2008.
D. Chaliampalias, G. Vourlias, E. Pavlidou, G. Stergioudis, S. Skolianos and K. Chrissafis, High temperature oxidation and corrosion in marine environments of thermal spray deposited coatings, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2008, 255(5), p 3104–3111.
K. Das, P. Choudhury and S. Das, The Al-O-Ti (aluminum-oxygen-titanium) system, J Phase Equilibria, 2002, 23(6), p 525.
P. Fauchais, A. Vardelle and B. Dussoubs, Quo vadis thermal spraying?, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2001, 10(1), p 44–66.
S. Hashmi, Comprehensive materials processing. Newnes (2014)
N. Espallargas, Introduction to Thermal Spray Coatings, Future Development of Thermal Spray Coatingsed, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2015, p 1–13
M. Richert, I. Nejman, P. Zawadzka and J. Kacprzyńska-Gołacka, Selection of protective coatings obtained by plasma-spraying method for foundry industry, Metall. Foundry Eng., 2017, 43, p 51–56.
A. Handbook, Alloy Phase Diagrams, Vol 3 ASM international, Cleveland, 1992.
W. Lee, D. Lee, M. Kim and S. Ur, High temperature oxidation of an oxide-dispersion strengthened NiAl, Intermetallics, 1999, 7(12), p 1361–1366.
G. Xanthopoulou, A. Marinou, G. Vekinis, A. Lekatou and M. Vardavoulias, Ni-Al and NiO-Al composite coatings by combustion-assisted flame spraying, Coatings, 2014, 4, p 231–252.
G. Bolelli, L. Lusvarghi and R. Giovanardi, A comparison between the corrosion resistances of some HVOF-sprayed metal alloy coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 202(19), p 4793–4809.
Ò. ÙØÓÖ, ASM Handbook Volume 03: Alloy Phase Diagrams. Materials Park, Ohio, USA: ASM International (1992)
G. Sundararajan, P.S. Phani, A. Jyothirmayi and R.C. Gundakaram, The influence of heat treatment on the microstructural, mechanical and corrosion behaviour of cold sprayed SS 316L coatings, J. Mater. Sci., 2009, 44(9), p 2320–2326.
I. Ansara, B. Sundman and P. Willemin, Thermodynamic modeling of ordered phases in the Ni-Al system, Acta Metall., 1988, 36(4), p 977–982.
J. Schab, J. Zimmermann, P.-D. Grasso, A. Stankowski, S. Heinze, A. Marquardt and C. Leyens, Thermodynamic calculation and experimental analysis of critical phase transformations in HVOF-sprayed NiCrAlY-coating alloys, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2019, 357, p 924–938.
A. Paul, A.A. Kodentsov and F. Van Loo, Bifurcation of the Kirkendall plane during interdiffusion in the intermetallic compound β-NiAl, Acta Mater., 2004, 52(13), p 4041–4048.
K. Fujiwara and Z. Horita, Measurement of intrinsic diffusion coefficients of Al and Ni in Ni3Al using Ni/NiAl diffusion couples, Acta Mater., 2002, 50(6), p 1571–1579.
J. Pelleg, Diffusion in the Iron Group L12 and B2 Intermetallic Compounds, Springer, Berlin, 2016.
R. Abbaschian and R.E. Reed-Hill, Physical Metallurgy Principles, Cengage Learning, Boston, 2008.
V.N. Ivanovski, A. Umićević, J. Belošević-Čavor, H. Lei, L. Li, B. Cekić, V. Koteski and C. Petrovic, Local structure study of Fe dopants in Ni-deficit Ni3Al alloys, J. Alloy. Compd., 2015, 651, p 705–711.
Q. Wang, L. Li, G. Yang, X. Zhao and Z. Ding, Influence of heat treatment on the microstructure and performance of high-velocity oxy-fuel sprayed WC–12Co coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2012, 206(19–20), p 4000–4010.
H. Chen and E. Pfender, Microstructure of plasma-sprayed Ni-Al alloy coating on mild steel, Thin Solid Films, 1996, 280(1–2), p 188–198.
I. Ohnuma, S. Shimenouchi, T. Omori, K. Ishida and R. Kainuma, Experimental determination and thermodynamic evaluation of low-temperature phase equilibria in the Fe-Ni binary system, Calphad, 2019, 67, p 101677.
M. Halvarsson, V. Langer and S. Vuorinen, Determination of the thermal expansion of κ-Al2O3 by high temperature XRD, Surf. Coat. Technol., 1995, 76, p 358–362.
S.P. Srivastava, R.C. Srivastava, I.D. Singh, S.D. Pandey and P.L. Gupta, Temperature dependence of thermal expansion and infrared lattice vibrational mode of nickel oxide, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 1977, 43(3), p 885–890.
H. Evans and M. Taylor, Diffusion cells and chemical failure of MCrAlY bond coats in thermal-barrier coating systems, Oxid. Met., 2001, 55(1–2), p 17–34.
N. Birks, G.H. Meier and F.S. Pettit, Introduction to the High Temperature Oxidation of Metals, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006.
J.D. Kuenzly and D. Douglass, The oxidation mechanism of Ni3Al containing yttrium, Oxid. Met., 1974, 8(3), p 139–178.
S. Saeidi, K. Voisey and D. McCartney, The effect of heat treatment on the oxidation behavior of HVOF and VPS CoNiCrAlY coatings, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2009, 18(2), p 209–216.
S. Choi, H. Cho, Y. Kim and D. Lee, High-temperature oxidation behavior of pure Ni3Al, Oxid. Met., 1996, 46(1–2), p 51–72.
P. Hou, Segregation phenomena at thermally grown Al2O3/alloy interfaces, Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., 2008, 38, p 275–298.
E. Schumann and M. Rühle, Microstructural observations on the oxidation of γ′-Ni3Al at high oxygen partial pressure, Acta Metall. Mater., 1994, 42(4), p 1481–1487.
F. Pettit, E. Randklev and E. Felten, Formation of NiAl2O4 by solid state reaction, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1966, 49(4), p 199–203.
F. Ghadami, S. Ghadami and H. Abdollah-Pour, Structural and oxidation behavior of atmospheric heat treated plasma sprayed WC-Co coatings, Vacuum, 2013, 94, p 64–68.
M. Jafari, M. Enayati, M. Salehi, S. Nahvi and C. Park, Comparison between oxidation kinetics of HVOF sprayed WC-12Co and WC-10Co-4Cr coatings, Int. J. Refract Metal Hard Mater., 2013, 41, p 78–84.
M. Jafari, M. Enayati, M. Salehi, S. Nahvi, J. Han and C. Park, High temperature oxidation behavior of micro/nanostructured WC-Co coatings deposited from Ni-coated powders using high velocity oxygen fuel spraying, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2016, 302, p 426–437.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shabani, A., Nahvi, S.M. & Raeissi, K. Effect of Heat Treatment on Structure and Oxidation Resistance of Flame-Sprayed Ni-20 wt.% Al on Carbon Steel. J Therm Spray Tech 30, 739–753 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-021-01158-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-021-01158-2