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Fabrication of Schiff’s Base Chitosan-Glutaraldehyde/Activated Charcoal Composite for Cationic Dye Removal: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology

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Abstract

In this work, a ternary composite containing a Schiff base adduct (chitosan-glutaraldehyde) along with activated charcoal (Ch-Glu/AC) was successfully prepared that contains activated charcoal with cross-linked chitosan. The Schiff base adduct was obtained by reaction of a dialdehyde bifunctional cross-linker agent (glutaraldehyde; Glu), where various methods were employed to study the morphology, material crystallinity, surface area, and surface functional group of the ternary composite (Ch-Glu/AC). Ch-Glu/AC was applied as an adsorbent to remove a cationic dye (thionine dye, TH) from aqueous media. The effect of various independent variables on the adsorption process including adsorbent dose (A: 0.02–0.1 g), solution pH (B: 4–10), temperature (C: 30–50 °C), and time (D: 30–180 min) were investigated and optimized using response surface methodology-Box–Behnken design (RSM-BBD). The results demonstrated that TH dye adsorption on the Ch-Glu/AC surface obeyed the pseudo-first order (PFO) kinetic model, and the Freundlich isotherm was obeyed at equilibrium. The maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of the TH dye was 30.8 mg/g at 50 °C. The TH dye adsorption mechanism onto the composite surface was attributed to the electrostatic interaction, π-π interaction, and H-bonding. The findings of this work reveal the feasibility of Ch-Glu/AC as a candidate adsorbent for effective removal of cationic dyes from aquatic media.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Ministry of Education (MOE) Malaysia, for funding this research project under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS): FRGS/1/2019/STG01/ UiTM/02/3, No. Fail RMC: 600-IRMI/FRGS 5/3 (340/2019). The authors would also like to thank the Researchers Supporting Project No. (RSP-2020/138) King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

    Ali H. Jawad

  2. Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad, Iraq

    Ahmed Saud Abdulhameed

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C9, Canada

    Lee D. Wilson

  4. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 26400, Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia

    M. A. K. M. Hanafiah

  5. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

    W. I. Nawawi

  6. Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Zeid A. ALOthman & Mohammad Rizwan Khan

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  1. Ali H. Jawad
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Jawad, A.H., Abdulhameed, A.S., Wilson, L.D. et al. Fabrication of Schiff’s Base Chitosan-Glutaraldehyde/Activated Charcoal Composite for Cationic Dye Removal: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology. J Polym Environ 29, 2855–2868 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-021-02057-x

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