Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-8mjnm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-17T18:11:20.155Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Beyond binaries. Interrogating ancient DNA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 May 2020

Rachel J. Crellin*
Affiliation:
School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
Oliver J.T. Harris
Affiliation:
School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

Abstract

In this paper we explore ancient DNA (aDNA) as a powerful new technique for archaeologists. We argue that for aDNA to reach its full potential we need to carefully consider its theoretical underpinnings. We suggest that at present much aDNA research rests upon two problematic theoretical assumptions: first, that nature and culture exist in binary opposition and that DNA is a part of nature; second, that cultures form distinct and bounded identities. The nature–culture binary, which underpins much aDNA research, not only is a misunderstanding of our world but also results in placing archaeology and material culture in a secondary and subservient position to science and aDNA. Viewing cultures as distinct and bounded creates exclusionary, simplistic and singular identities for past populations. This stands in contrast to the work of social scientists, which has revealed identity to be complex, multiple, changing and contradictory. We offer a new way forward drawing upon assemblage thinking and post-humanism. This allows us to consider the messy and complex nature of our world and of human identities, and demands that we expect equally messy and complex results to emerge when we bring aDNA into conversation with other forms of archaeological evidence.

Type
Articles
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alberti, B., 2016: Archaeologies of ontology, Annual review of anthropology 45, 163179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allentoft, M.E., Sikora, M., Sjögren, K.-G., Rasmussen, S., Rasmussen, M., Stenderup, J., Damgaard, P.B., Schroeder, H., Ahlström, T., Vinner, L., Malaspinas, A.-S., Margaryan, A., Higham, T., Chivall, D., Lynnerup, N., Harvig, L., Baron, J., Casa, P.D., Dąbrowski, P., Duffy, P.R., Ebel, A.V., Epimakhov, A., Frei, K., Furmanek, M., Gralak, T., Gromov, A., Gronkiewicz, S., Grupe, G., Hajdu, T., Jarysz, R., Khartanovich, V., Khokhlov, A., Kiss, V., Kolář, J., Kriiska, A., Lasak, I., Longhi, C., McGlynn, G., Merkevicius, A., Merkyte, I., Metspalu, M., Mkrtchyan, R., Moiseyev, V., Paja, L., Pálfi, G., Pokutta, D., Pospieszny, Ł., Price, T.D., Saag, L., Sablin, M., Shishlina, N., Smrčka, V., Soenov, V.I., Szeverényi, V., Tóth, G., Trifanova, S.V., Varul, L., Vicze, M., Yepiskoposyan, L., Zhitenev, V., Orlando, L., Sicheritz-Pontén, T., Brunak, S., Nielsen, R., Kristiansen, K. and Willerslev, E., 2015: Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia, Nature 522, 167172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandelt, H.-J., 2018: David Reich’s Who We Are and How We Got Here. Ancient DNA and the new science of the human past, Current anthropology 59(5), 659661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barad, K., 2007: Meeting the universe halfway. Quantum physics and the entanglement of matter and meaning, Durham, NC.Google Scholar
Barth, F. (ed.), 1969: Ethnic groups and boundaries. The social organisation of culture difference, Long Grove, IL.Google Scholar
Battle-Baptiste, W., 2011: Black feminist archaeology, Walnut Creek, CA.Google Scholar
Bhabha, H.K., 1994: The location of culture, London.Google Scholar
Binford, L., 1968: Some comments on historical versus processual archaeology, Southwestern journal of anthropology 24, 267275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bjornsson, H.T., Sigurdsson, M.I., Fallin, M., Irizarry, R.A., Aspelund, T., Vui, H., Yu, W., Rongione, M.A., Ekström, T.J., Harris, T.B., Launer, L.J., Eiriksdottir, G., Leppert, M.F., Sapienza, C., Gudnason, V. and Feinberg, A. P., 2008: Intra-individual change over time in DNA methylation with familial clustering, JAMA 299(24), 28772883.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Booth, T., 2018: Exploring your inner Hades. DNA as mortuary archaeology, Online journal in public archaeology 3, 221248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booth, T., 2019: A stranger in a strange land. A perspective on archaeological responses to the palaeogenetic revolution from an archaeologist working amongst palaeogeneticists, World archaeology, online first, at doi-org.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/10.1080/00438243.2019.1627240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bos, K.I., Herbig, A., Sahl, J., Waglechner, N., Fourment, M., Forrest, S.A., Klunk, J., Schuenemann, V.J., Poinar, D., Kuch, M., Golding, G.B., Dutour, O., Keim, P., Wagner, D.M., Holmes, E.C., Krause, J. and Poinar, H.N., 2016: Eighteenth century Yersinia pestis genomes reveal the long-term persistence of an historical plague focus, eLife 5, e12994.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brace, S., Diekmann, Y., Booth, T.J., Faltyskova, Z., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Ferry, M., Michel, M., Oppenheimer, J., Broomandkhoshbacht, N., Stewardson, K., Walsh, S., Kayser, M., Schulting, R., Craig, O.E., Sheridan, A., Pearson, M.P., Stringer, C., Reich, D., Thomas, M.G. and Barnes, I., 2018: Population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain, bioRxiv, doi: 10.1101/267443.Google Scholar
Brace, S., Diekmann, Y., Booth, T.J., Faltyskova, Z., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Ferry, M., Michel, M., Oppenheimer, J., Broomandkhoshbacht, N., Stewardson, K., Walsh, S., Kayser, M., Schulting, R., Craig, O.E., Sheridan, A., Pearson, M.P., Stringer, C., Reich, D., Thomas, M.G. and Barnes, I., 2019: Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain, Nature ecology and evolution 3, 765771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braidoitti, R., 2011: Nomadic theory. The portable Rosi Braidotti, New York.Google Scholar
Braidotti, R., 2013: The posthuman, London.Google Scholar
Braidotti, R., 2019: A theoretical framework for the critical posthumanities, Theory, culture and society 36 (6), 3161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandt, G., Szécsényi-Nagy, A., Roth, C., Alt, K.W. and Haak, W., 2015: Human paleogenetics of Europe. The known knowns and the known unknowns, Journal of human evolution 79, 7392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brophy, K., 2018: The Brexit hypothesis and prehistory, Antiquity 92, 16501658.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broushaki, F., Thomas, M.G., Link, V., López, S., van Dorp, L., Kirsanow, K., Hofmanová, Z., Diekmann, Y., Cassidy, L.M., Díez-del-Molino, D., Kousathanas, A., Sell, C., Robson, H.K., Martiniano, R., Blöcher, J., Scheu, A., Kreutzer, S., Bollongino, R., Bobo, D., Davudi, H., Munoz, O., Currat, M., Abdi, K., Biglari, F., Craig, O.E., Bradley, D.G., Shennan, S., Veeramah, K.R., Mashkour, M., Wegmann, D., Hellenthal, G. and Burger, J., 2016: Early Neolithic genomes from the eastern Fertile Crescent, Science 353, 499503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, J., 1993: Bodies that matter. On the discursive limits of sex, London.Google Scholar
Cardinale, B.J., Duffy, J.E., Gonzalez, A., Hooper, D.U., Perrings, C., Venail, P., Narwani, A., Mace, G.M., Tilman, D., Wardle, D.A., Kinzig, A.P., Daily, G.C., Loreau, M., Grace, J.B., Larigauderie, A., Srivastava, D.S. and Naeem, S., 2012: Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity, Nature 486, 5967.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlin, N., 2018: The Beaker phenomenon. Understanding the character and context of social practices in Ireland 2500–2000BC, Leiden.Google Scholar
Cipolla, C., 2013: Becoming Brothertown. Native American ethnogenesis and endurance in the modern world, Tucson, AZ.Google Scholar
Clarke, D.L., 1973: Archaeology. The loss of innocence, Antiquity 47, 618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conneller, C., 2011: An archaeology of materials. Substantial transformations in early prehistoric Europe, London.Google Scholar
Crellin, R.J., 2017: Changing assemblages. Vibrant matter in burial assemblages, Cambridge archaeological journal 27 (1), 111125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crellin, R.J., 2020: Change and archaeology, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummings, V., and Morris, J., 2018: Neolithic explanations revisited. Modelling the arrival and spread of domesticated cattle into Neolithic Britain, Environmental archaeology, online first, at https://doi.org/10.1080/14614103.2018.1536498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawney, L.A., Harris, O.J.T. and Sørensen, T.F., 2017: Future world. Anticipatory archaeology, materially affective capacities and the late human legacy, Journal of contemporary archaeology 4 (1), 107129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeLanda, M., 2002: Intensive science and virtual philosophy, London.Google Scholar
DeLanda, M., 2016: Assemblage theory, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Deleuze, G., and Guattari, F., 1994. What is philosophy?, London.Google Scholar
Deleuze, G., and Guattari, F., 2004. A thousand plateaus. Capitalism and schizophrenia, London.Google Scholar
Deleuze, G., and Parnet, C., 2002: Dialogues II, New York.Google Scholar
Descola, P., 2013: Beyond nature and culture, Chicago.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diaz-Andreu, M., and Lucy, S., 2005: Introduction, in Diaz-Andreu, M., Lucy, S., Babic, S. and Edwards, D. (eds), The archaeology of identity. Approaches to gender, age, status, ethnicity and religion, London, 112.Google Scholar
Drake, J.W., Charlesworth, B., Charlesworth, D. and Crow, J.F., 1998: Rates of spontaneous mutation, Genetics 148 (4), 16671686.Google ScholarPubMed
Dunn, R.R., Reese, A.T. and Eisenhauer, N., 2019: Biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships on bodies and in buildings, Nature ecology and evolution 3 (1), 79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edgeworth, M., 2012: Follow the cut, follow the rhythm, follow the material, Norwegian archaeological review 45, 7692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenmann, S., Bánffy, E., van Dommelen, P., Hofmann, K.P., Maran, J., Lazaridis, I., Mittnik, A., McCormick, M., Krause, J., Reich, D. and Stockhammer, P.W., 2018: Reconciling material cultures in archaeology with genetic data. The nomenclature of clusters emerging from archaeogenomic analysis, Scientific reports 8 (1), 13003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fowler, C., 2004: The archaeology of personhood. An anthropological approach, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, C., 2013: The emergent past. A relational realist archaeology of Early Bronze Age mortuary practices, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fredengren, C., 2013: Posthumanism. The transcorporeal and biomolecular archaeology, Current Swedish archaeology 21, 5371.Google Scholar
Frieman, C., and Hofmann, D., 2019: Present pasts in the archaeology of genetics, identity, and migration in Europe. A critical essay, World archaeology, online first, at doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2019.1627907.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fu, Q., Posth, C., Hajdinjak, M., Petr, M., Mallick, S., Fernandes, D., Furtwängler, A., Haak, W., Meyer, M., Mittnik, A., Nickel, B., Peltzer, A., Rohland, N., Slon, V., Talamo, S., Lazaridis, I., Lipson, M., Mathieson, I., Schiffels, S., Skoglund, P., Derevianko, A.P., Drozdov, N., Slavinsky, V., Tsybankov, A., Cremonesi, R.G., Mallegni, F., Gély, B., Vacca, E., Morales, M.R.G., Straus, L.G., Neugebauer-Maresch, C., Teschler-Nicola, M., Constantin, S., Moldovan, O.T., Benazzi, S., Peresani, M., Coppola, D., Lari, M., Ricci, S., Ronchitelli, A., Valentin, F., Thevenet, C., Wehrberger, K., Grigorescu, D., Rougier, H., Crevecoeur, I., Flas, D., Semal, P., Mannino, M.A., Cupillard, C., Bocherens, H., Conard, N.J., Harvati, K., Moiseyev, V., Drucker, D.G., Svoboda, J., Richards, M.P., Caramelli, D., Pinhasi, R., Kelso, J., Patterson, N., Krause, J., Pääbo, S. and Reich, D., 2016: The genetic history of Ice Age Europe, Nature 534, 200205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fujimura, J.H., Bolnick, D.A., Rajagopalan, R., Kaufman, J.S., Lewontin, R.C., Duster, T., Ossorio, P. and Marks, J., 2014: Clines without classes. How to make sense of human variation, Sociological theory 32 (3), 208227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furholt, M., 2018: Massive migrations? The impact of recent aDNA studies on our view of third millennium Europe, European journal of archaeology 21 (2), 159178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furholt, M., 2019: Re-integrating archaeology. A contribution to aDNA studies and the migration discourse on the 3rd millennium BC in Europe, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, online first, doi:10.1017/ppr.2019.4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gero, J.M., 2007: Honoring ambiguity/problematising certitude, Journal of archaeological method and theory 14 (3), 311327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gosden, C., 2004: Archaeology and colonialism. Culture contact from 5000 BC to the present, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Haak, W., Brandt, G., Jong, H.N.d., Meyer, C., Ganslmeier, R., Heyd, V., Hawkesworth, C., Pike, A.W.G., Meller, H. and Alt, K.W., 2008: Ancient DNA, strontium isotopes, and osteological analyses shed light on social and kinship organization of the Later Stone Age, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (47), 1822618231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haak, W., Lazaridis, I., Patterson, N., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Llamas, B., Brandt, G., Nordenfelt, S., Harney, E., Stewardson, K., Fu, Q., Mittnik, A., Bánffy, E., Economou, C., Francken, M., Friederich, S., Pena, R.G., Hallgren, F., Khartanovich, V., Khokhlov, A., Kunst, M., Kuznetsov, P., Meller, H., Mochalov, O., Moiseyev, V., Nicklisch, N., Pichler, S.L., Risch, R., Rojo Guerra, M.A., Roth, C., Szécsényi-Nagy, A., Wahl, J., Meyer, M., Krause, J., Brown, D., Anthony, D., Cooper, A., Alt, K.W. and Reich, D., 2015: Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe, Nature 522, 207211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hakenbeck, S., 2019: Genetics, archaeology and the far right. An unholy trinity, World archaeology, online first, doi: 10.1080/00438243.2019.1617189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haraway, D., 2008: When species meet, London.Google Scholar
Harris, O.J.T., 2014: Revealing our vibrant past. Science, materiality and the Neolithic, in Whittle, A. and Bickle, P. (eds), Early farmers. The view from archaeology and science, Oxford, 327345.Google Scholar
Harris, O.J.T., 2016: Becoming post-human. Identity and the ontological turn, in Pierce, E., Russell, A., Maldonado, A. and Cambell, L. (eds), Creating material worlds. Theorising identity in archaeology, Oxford, 1737.Google Scholar
Harris, O.J.T., 2017: Assemblage and scale in archaeology, Cambridge archaeological journal 27 (1), 127139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, O.J.T., and Cipolla, C.N., 2017: Archaeological theory in the new millennium. Introducing current perspectives, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heyd, V., 2017: Kossinna’s smile, Antiquity 91 (356), 348359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodder, I., 1982: Theoretical archaeology. A reactionary view, in Hodder, I. (ed.), Symbolic and structural archaeology, Cambridge, 116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofmann, D., 2015: What have genetics ever done for us? The implications of aDNA data for interpreting identity in Early Neolithic Central Europe, European journal of archaeology 18 (3), 454476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horsburgh, K.A., 2015: Molecular anthropology. The judicial use of genetic data in archaeology, Journal of archaeological science 15, 141145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horsburgh, K.A., 2018: David Reich’s Who We Are and How We Got Here. Ancient DNA and the new science of the human past, Current anthropology 59 (5), 656657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingold, T., 2000: The perception of the environment. Essays in livelihood, dwelling and skill, London.Google Scholar
Ion, A., 2017: How interdisciplinary is interdisciplinarity? Revisiting the impact of aDNA research for the archaeology of human remains, Current Swedish archaeology 25, 177198.Google Scholar
Jackson, S.P., and Bartek, J., 2009: The DNA-damage response in human biology and disease, Nature 461, 10711078.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jervis, B., 2018: Assemblage thought and archaeology, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johannsen, N.N., Larson, G., Meltzer, D.J. and Vander Linden, M., 2017: A composite window into human history. Better integration of ancient DNA studies with archaeology promises deeper insights, Science 356 (6343), 11181120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, A.M., 2002: Archaeological theory and scientific practice, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Jones, A.M., 2012: Prehistoric materialities. Becoming material in prehistoric Britain and Ireland, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, A.M., and Hamilakis, Y., 2017: Archaeology and assemblage, Cambridge archaeological journal 27 (1), 7784.Google Scholar
Jones, S., 1997: The archaeology of ethnicity. A theoretical perspective, London.Google Scholar
Keller, M., Rott, A., Hoke, N., Schwarzberg, H., Regner-Kamlah, B., Harbeck, M. and Wahl, J., 2015: United in death – related by blood? Genetic and archeometric analyses of skeletal remains from the Neolithic earthwork Bruchsal-Aue, American journal of physical anthropology 157 (3), 458471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knipper, C., Mittnik, A., Massy, K., Kociumaka, C., Kucukkalipci, I., Maus, M., Wittenborn, F., Metz, S.E., Staskiewicz, A., Krause, J. and Stockhammer, P.W., 2017: Female exogamy and gene pool diversification at the transition from the Final Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age in Central Europe, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, early edition, at https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706355114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristiansen, K., 2014: Towards a new paradigm. The third scientific revolution and its possible consequences in archaeology, Current Swedish archaeology 22, 1134.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, K., Allentoft, M.E., Frei, K.M., Iverson, R., Johannsen, N.K., Knussen, G., Pospieszny, L., Prices, T.D., Rasmussen, S., Sjören, K.G., Sikora, M. and Willerslev, E., 2017: Re-theorizing mobility and the formation of culture and language among the Corded Ware culture of Europe, Antiquity 91, 334347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Last, J., 2018: The post-human genome project. Hiddenscapes blog, at https://prehistorian.postach.io/post/the-post-human-genome-project.Google Scholar
Latour, B., 1987: Science in action. How to follow scientists and engineers through society, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Latour, B., 1993: We have never been modern, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Latour, B., 1999: Pandora’s hope. Essays on the reality of science studies, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Latour, B., 2018: Down to earth. Politics in the new climatic regime, London.Google Scholar
Lazaridis, I., Nadel, D., Rollefson, G., Merrett, D.C., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Fernandes, D., Novak, M., Gamarra, B., Sirak, K., Connell, S., Stewardson, K., Harney, E., Fu, Q., Gonzalez-Fortes, G., Jones, E.R., Roodenberg, S.A., Lengyel, G., Bocquentin, F., Gasparian, B., Monge, J.M., Gregg, M., Eshed, V., Mizrahi, A.-S., Meiklejohn, C., Gerritsen, F., Bejenaru, L., Blüher, M., Campbell, A., Cavalleri, G., Comas, D., Froguel, P., Gilbert, E., Kerr, S.M., Kovacs, P., Krause, J., McGettigan, D., Merrigan, M., Merriwether, D.A., O’Reilly, S., Richards, M.B., Semino, O., Shamoon-Pour, M., Stefanescu, G., Stumvoll, M., Tönjes, A., Torroni, A., Wilson, J.F., Yengo, L., Hovhannisyan, N.A., Patterson, N., Pinhasi, R. and Reich, D., 2016: Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East, Nature 536, 419424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazaridis, I., Patterson, N., Mittnik, A., Renaud, G., Mallick, S., Kirsanow, K., Sudmant, P.H., Schraiber, J.G., Castellano, S., Lipson, M., Berger, B., Economou, C., Bollongino, R., Fu, Q., Bos, K.I., Nordenfelt, S., Li, H., de Filippo, C., Prüfer, K., Sawyer, S., Posth, C., Haak, W., Hallgren, F., Fornander, E., Rohland, N., Delsate, D., Francken, M., Guinet, J.-M., Wahl, J., Ayodo, G., Babiker, H.A., Bailliet, G., Balanovska, E., Balanovsky, O., Barrantes, R., Bedoya, G., Ben-Ami, H., Bene, J., Berrada, F., Bravi, C.M., Brisighelli, F., Busby, G.B.J., Cali, F., Churnosov, M., Cole, D.E.C., Corach, D., Damba, L., van Driem, G., Dryomov, S., Dugoujon, J.-M., Fedorova, S.A., Gallego Romero, I., Gubina, M., Hammer, M., Henn, B.M., Hervig, T., Hodoglugil, U., Jha, A.R., Karachanak-Yankova, S., Khusainova, R., Khusnutdinova, E., Kittles, R., Kivisild, T., Klitz, W., Kučinskas, V., Kushniarevich, A., Laredj, L., Litvinov, S., Loukidis, T., Mahley, R.W., Melegh, B., Metspalu, E., Molina, J., Mountain, J., Näkkäläjärvi, K., Nesheva, D., Nyambo, T., Osipova, L., Parik, J., Platonov, F., Posukh, O., Romano, V., Rothhammer, F., Rudan, I., Ruizbakiev, R., Sahakyan, H., Sajantila, A., Salas, A., Starikovskaya, E.B., Tarekegn, A., Toncheva, D., Turdikulova, S., Uktveryte, I., Utevska, O., Vasquez, R., Villena, M., Voevoda, M., Winkler, C.A., Yepiskoposyan, L., Zalloua, P., Zemunik, T., Cooper, A., Capelli, C., Thomas, M.G., Ruiz-Linares, A., Tishkoff, S.A., Singh, L., Thangaraj, K., Villems, R., Comas, D., Sukernik, R., Metspalu, M., Meyer, M., Eichler, E.E., Burger, J., Slatkin, M., Pääbo, S., Kelso, J., Reich, D. and Krause, J., 2014: Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans, Nature 513, 409413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, E.J., Rennebery, R., Harder, M., Krause-Kyora, B., Rinne, C., Müller, J. and von Wurmb-Schwark, N., 2014: Collective burials among agro-pastoral societies in Later Neolithic Germany. Perspectives from ancient DNA, Journal of archaeological science 51, 174180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Roy, M., Rivollat, M., Mendisco, F., Pemonge, M.-H., Coutelier, C., Couture, C., Tillier, A.-M., Rottier, S. and Deguilloux, M.-F., 2016: Distinct ancestries for similar funerary practices? A GIS analysis comparing funerary, osteological and aDNA data from the Middle Neolithic necropolis Gurgy ‘Les Noisats’ (Yonne, France), Journal of archaeological science 73, 4554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipson, M., Szécsényi-Nagy, A., Mallick, S., Pósa, A., Stégmár, B., Keerl, V., Rohland, N., Stewardson, K., Ferry, M., Michel, M., Oppenheimer, J., Broomandkhoshbacht, N., Harney, E., Nordenfelt, S., Llamas, B., Gusztáv Mende, B., Köhler, K., Oross, K., Bondár, M., Marton, T., Osztás, A., Jakucs, J., Paluch, T., Horváth, F., Csengeri, P., Koós, J., Sebők, K., Anders, A., Raczky, P., Regenye, J., Barna, J.P., Fábián, S., Serlegi, G., Toldi, Z., Gyöngyvér Nagy, E., Dani, J., Molnár, E., Pálfi, G., Márk, L., Melegh, B., Bánfai, Z., Domboróczki, L., Fernández-Eraso, J., Antonio Mujika-Alustiza, J., Alonso Fernández, C., Jiménez Echevarría, J., Bollongino, R., Orschiedt, J., Schierhold, K., Meller, H., Cooper, A., Burger, J., Bánffy, E., Alt, K.W., Lalueza-Fox, C., Haak, W. and Reich, D., 2017: Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers, Nature 551, 368372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lucas, G., 2012: Understanding the archaeological record, Cambridge.Google Scholar
MacEachern, S., 2000: Genes, tribes and African history, Current anthroplogy 41 (3), 357384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacEachern, S., 2012: The concept of race in contemporary anthropology, Race and ethnicity. The United States and the world 2011, 3457.Google Scholar
MacEachern, S., 2017: Genetics and African archaeology, in Livingstone Smith, A., Cornelissen, E., Gosselain, O.P. and MacEachern, S. (eds), Field manual for African archaeology, Tervuren, 296300.Google Scholar
McFadyen, L., 2008: Building and architecture as landscape practice, in David, B. and Thomas, J. (eds), Handbook of landscape archaeology, Walnut Creek, CA, 307314.Google Scholar
Mathieson, I., Alpaslan-Roodenberg, S., Posth, C., Szécsényi-Nagy, A., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Olalde, I., Broomandkhoshbacht, N., Candilio, F., Cheronet, O., Fernandes, D., Ferry, M., Gamarra, B., Fortes, G.G., Haak, W., Harney, E., Jones, E., Keating, D., Krause-Kyora, B., Kucukkalipci, I., Michel, M., Mittnik, A., Nägele, K., Novak, M., Oppenheimer, J., Patterson, N., Pfrengle, S., Sirak, K., Stewardson, K., Vai, S., Alexandrov, S., Alt, K.W., Andreescu, R., Antonović, D., Ash, A., Atanassova, N., Bacvarov, K., Gusztáv, M.B., Bocherens, H., Bolus, M., Boroneanţ, A., Boyadzhiev, Y., Budnik, A., Burmaz, J., Chohadzhiev, S., Conard, N.J., Cottiaux, R., Čuka, M., Cupillard, C., Drucker, D.G., Elenski, N., Francken, M., Galabova, B., Ganetsovski, G., Gély, B., Hajdu, T., Handzhyiska, V., Harvati, K., Higham, T., Iliev, S., Janković, I., Karavanić, I., Kennett, D.J., Komšo, D., Kozak, A., Labuda, D., Lari, M., Lazar, C., Leppek, M., Leshtakov, K., Vetro, D.L., Los, D., Lozanov, I., Malina, M., Martini, F., McSweeney, K., Meller, H., Menđušić, M., Mirea, P., Moiseyev, V., Petrova, V., Price, T.D., Simalcsik, A., Sineo, L., Šlaus, M., Slavchev, V., Stanev, P., Starović, A., Szeniczey, T., Talamo, S., Teschler-Nicola, M., Thevenet, C., Valchev, I., Valentin, F., Vasilyev, S., Veljanovska, F., Venelinova, S., Veselovskaya, E., Viola, B., Virag, C., Zaninović, J., Zäuner, S., Stockhammer, P.W., Catalano, G., Krauß, R., Caramelli, D., Zariņa, G., Gaydarska, B., Lillie, M., Nikitin, A.G., Potekhina, I., Papathanasiou, A., Borić, D., Bonsall, C., Krause, J., Pinhasi, R. and Reich, D., 2018: The genomic history of Southeastern Europe, Nature 555, 197203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathieson, I., Lazaridis, I., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Patterson, N., Roodenberg, S.A., Harney, E., Stewardson, K., Fernandes, D., Novak, M., Sirak, K., Gamba, C., Jones, E.R., Llamas, B., Dryomov, S., Pickrell, J., Arsuaga, J.L., de Castro, J.M.B., Carbonell, E., Gerritsen, F., Khokhlov, A., Kuznetsov, P., Lozano, M., Meller, H., Mochalov, O., Moiseyev, V., Guerra, M.A.R., Roodenberg, J., Vergès, J.M., Krause, J., Cooper, A., Alt, K.W., Brown, D., Anthony, D., Lalueza-Fox, C., Haak, W., Pinhasi, R. and Reich, D., 2015: Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians, Nature 528, 499503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niewöhner, J., 2011: Epigenetics. Embedded bodies and the molecularisation of biography and milieu, BioSocieites 6, 279298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olalde, I., Brace, S., Allentoft, M.E., Armit, I., Kristiansen, K., Booth, T., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Szécsényi-Nagy, A., Mittnik, A., Altena, E., Lipson, M., Lazaridis, I., Harper, T.K., Patterson, N., Broomandkhoshbacht, N., Diekmann, Y., Faltyskova, Z., Fernandes, D., Ferry, M., Harney, E., de Knijff, P., Michel, M., Oppenheimer, J., Stewardson, K., Barclay, A., Alt, K.W., Liesau, C., Ríos, P., Blasco, C., Miguel, J.V., García, R.M., Fernández, A.A., Bánffy, E., Bernabò-Brea, M., Billoin, D., Bonsall, C., Bonsall, L., Allen, T., Büster, L., Carver, S., Navarro, L.C., Craig, O.E., Cook, G.T., Cunliffe, B., Denaire, A., Dinwiddy, K.E., Dodwell, N., Ernée, M., Evans, C., Kuchařík, M., Farré, J.F., Fowler, C., Gazenbeek, M., Pena, R.G., Haber-Uriarte, M., Haduch, E., Hey, G., Jowett, N., Knowles, T., Massy, K., Pfrengle, S., Lefranc, P., Lemercier, O., Lefebvre, A., Martínez, C.H., Olmo, V.G., Ramírez, A.B., Maurandi, J.L., Majó, T., McKinley, J.I., McSweeney, K., Mende, B.G., Modi, A., Kulcsár, G., Kiss, V., Czene, A., Patay, R., Endrődi, A., Köhler, K., Hajdu, T., Szeniczey, T., Dani, J., Bernert, Z., Hoole, M., Cheronet, O., Keating, D., Velemínský, P., Dobeš, M., Candilio, F., Brown, F., Fernández, R.F., Herrero-Corral, A.-M., Tusa, S., Carnieri, E., Lentini, L., Valenti, A., Zanini, A., Waddington, C., Delibes, G., Guerra-Doce, E., Neil, B., Brittain, M., Luke, M., Mortimer, R., Desideri, J., Besse, M., Brücken, G., Furmanek, M., Hałuszko, A., Mackiewicz, M., Rapiński, A., Leach, S., Soriano, I., Lillios, K.T., Cardoso, J.L., Pearson, M.P., Włodarczak, P., Price, T.D., Prieto, P., Rey, P.-J., Risch, R., Rojo Guerra, M.A., Schmitt, A., Serralongue, J., Silva, A.M., Smrčka, V., Vergnaud, L., Zilhão, J., Caramelli, D., Higham, T., Thomas, M.G., Kennett, D.J., Fokkens, H., Heyd, V., Sheridan, A., Sjögren, K.-G., Stockhammer, P.W., Krause, J., Pinhasi, R., Haak, W., Barnes, I., Lalueza-Fox, C. and Reich, D., 2018: The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of Northwest Europe, Nature 555, 190196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olsen, B., Shanks, M., Webmoor, T. and Witmore, C.L., 2012: Archaeology. The discipline of things, Berkeley, CA.Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, N., Posth, C., Coia, V., Schuenemann, V.J., Price, T.D., Wahl, J., Pinhasi, R., Zink, A., Krause, J. and Maixner, F., 2018: Ancient genome-wide analyses infer kinship structure in an Early Medieval Alemannic graveyard, Science advances 4 (9), eaao1262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pigluicci, M., 2010: Geotype–phenotype mapping and the end of the ‘genes as blueprint’ metaphor, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society B 365, 557566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prendergast, M.E., and Sawchuk, E., 2018: Boots on the ground in Africa’s ancient DNA ‘revolution’. Archaeological perspectives on ethics and best practice, Antiquity 92 (363), 803815.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puar, J.K., 2012: ‘I would rather be a cyborg than a goddess’. Becoming-intersectional in assemblage theory, philoSOPHIA 2 (1), 4966.Google Scholar
Reich, D., 2018: Who we are and how we got here. Ancient DNA and the new science of the human past, London.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C., 1973: Before civilisation. The radio carbon revolution and prehistoric Europe, London.Google Scholar
Robb, J.E., and Harris, O.J.T., 2013: The body in history. Europe from the Palaeolithic to the future, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Robb, J.E., and Pauketat, T.R., 2013: From moments to millennia. Theorising scale and change in human history, in Robb, J.E. and Pauketat, T.R. (eds), Big histories, human lives. Tackling the problem of scale in archaeology, Sante Fe, NM, 333.Google Scholar
Roseman, C.C., 2014: Troublesome reflection. Racism as the blind spot in the scientific critque of race, Human biology 86 (3), 233240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutherford, A., 2016: A brief history of everyone who ever lived, London.Google Scholar
Said, E.W., 1978: Orientalism. Western conceptions of the Orient, London.Google Scholar
Scheib, C.L., Hui, R., D’Atanasio, E., Wilder Wohns, A., Inskip, S.A., Rose, A., Cessford, C., O’Connell, T.C., Robb, J.E., Evans, C., Patten, R., Kivisild, T., 2019: East Anglian Early Neolithic monument burial linked to contemporary megaliths, Annals of human biology 46 (2), 145149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schuenemann, V.J., Avanzi, C., Krause-Kyora, B., Seitz, A., Herbig, A., Inskip, S., Bonazzi, M., Reiter, E., Urban, C., Dangvard Pedersen, D., Taylor, G.M., Singh, P., Stewart, G.R., Velemínský, P., Likovsky, J., Marcsik, A., Molnár, E., Pálfi, G., Mariotti, V., Riga, A., Belcastro, M.G., Boldsen, J.L., Nebel, A., Mays, S., Donoghue, H.D., Zakrzewski, S., Benjak, A., Nieselt, K., Cole, S.T. and Krause, J., 2018: Ancient genomes reveal a high diversity of Mycobacterium leprae in medieval Europe. PLOS pathogen 14 (5), e1006997.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shanks, M., and Tilley, C., 1987: Social theory and archaeology, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Sofaer, J., 2006: The body as material culture. A theoretical osteoarchaeology, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sørensen, T.F., 2016: In praise of vagueness. Uncertainty, ambiguity and archaeological methodology, Journal of archaeological method and theory 23, 741763.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sørensen, T.F., 2017: The two cultures and a world apart. Archaeology and science at a new crossroads, Norwegian archaeological review 50 (2), 101115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spivak, G.C., 1988: Can the subaltern speak?, in Nelson, C. and Grossberg, L. (eds), Marxism and the interpretation of culture, Urbana, IL, 271313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strathern, M., 2005: Kinship, law and the unexpected. Relatives are always a surprise, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
TallBear, K., 2013: Native American DNA. Tribal belonging and the false promise of genetic science, Minneapolis.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
TallBear, K., 2018: An updated statement on #ElizabethWarren DNA testing story. Includes a slight clarification, at https://twitter.com/kimtallbear/status/1052017467021651969?lang=en, accessed 8/2/19.Google Scholar
Thomas, J., 2004: Archaeology and modernity, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, J., 2006: Gene-flows and social processes. The potential of genetics and archaeology, Documenta praehistorica 33, 5159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsing, A.L., 2015: The mushroom at the end of the world. On the possibility of life in capitalist ruins, Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Uprichard, E., and Dawney, L., 2019: Data diffraction. Challenging data integration in mixed methods research, Journal of mixed methods research 13 (1), 1932.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Dommelen, P., 2002: Ambiguous matters. Colonialism and local identities in Punic Sardinia, in Lyons, C.L. and Papadopoulos, J.K. (eds), The archaeology of colonialism, Los Angeles, 121147.Google Scholar
Vander Linden, M., 2016: Population history in third-millennium-BC Europe. Assessing the contribution of genetics, World archaeology 48 (5), 714728.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vander Linden, M., 2018: David Reich’s Who We Are and How We Got Here. Ancient DNA and the new science of the human past, Current anthropology 59 (5), 657658.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villanea, F.A., and Schraiber, J.G., 2019: Multiple episodes of interbreeding between Neanderthal and modern humans, Nature ecology and evolution 3 (1), 3944.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Voss, B.L., 2004: Sexual subjects. Identity and taxonomy in archaeological research, in Casella, E.C. and Fowler, C. (eds), The archaeology of plural and changing identities. Beyond identification, New York, 5577.Google Scholar
Voss, B.L., 2008: The archaeology of ethnogenesis. Race, sexuality, and identity in colonial San Francisco, Berkeley, CA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voss, B.L., 2015: What’s new? Rethinking ethnogenesis in the archaeology of colonialism, American antiquity 80 (4), 655670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittle, A., 2018: The times of their lives. Hunting history in the archaeology of Neolithic Europe, Oxford.Google Scholar
Wolf, E.R., 1982: Europe and the people without history, Berkeley, CA.Google Scholar