Skip to main content
Log in

A Toolkit for Measuring Visitation in Third Places

  • Published:
Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper investigates the utility of information and communication technologies data for the measurement of visitation dynamics in third places across a large metropolitan university campus. A suite of seven metrics encompassing intensity, popularity, capacity, tempo, dwell, churn, and periodicity are employed to describe the visitation dynamics of each third place. Findings suggest that despite overt functional similarities, significant variability exists in the visitation dynamics of third places. Increasing pervasiveness of Wi-Fi networks in public spaces will improve the utility of social sensing data in recording the spatial and temporal dynamics of visitation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acker, S. R., & Miller, M. D. (2005). Campus learning spaces: Investing in how students learn. Boulder: Center for Applied Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altman, I., & Low, S. M. (1992). Place Attachment (Vol. 12, human behavior and environment). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailin, K. (2011). Changes in academic library space: A case study at the University of new South Wales. Australian Academic & Research Libraries, 42(4), 342–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, J. (2016). Everyday mobility and travel activities during the first years of retirement. Linköping University,

  • Bhattacharya, T., Kulik, L., & Bailey, J. (2012) Extracting significant places from mobile user GPS trajectories: a bearing change based approach. In 20th International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, New York, NY, (pp. 398–401).

  • Borsellino, R., Zahnow, R., & Corcoran, J. (2018). Not all who wander are lost: Exploring human mobility using a smartphone application. Australian Geographer, 49(2), 317–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2018.1451215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyer, E. (1987). College: The undergraduate experience. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunsdon, C., & Corcoran, J. (2006). Using circular statistics to analyse time patterns in crime incidence. Computers Environment And Urban Systems, 30(3), 300–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cabras, I., & Mount, M. P. (2017). How third places foster and shape community cohesion, economic development and social capital: The case of pubs in rural Ireland. Journal of Rural Studies, 55, 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.07.013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, K. T.-T., Koh, A. T.-T., Low, B. Y.-Y., Onghanseng, D. J. S., & Tanoto, K. (2008). Why I Love This Online Game: The MMORPG Stickiness Factor. Paper presented at the international conference on information systems, Paris, France, 14-17 December.

  • Cheang, M. (2002). Older adults' frequent visits to a fast-food restaurant: Nonobligatory social interaction and the significance of play in a "third place". Journal of Aging Studies, 16(3), 303–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, D. X. (2005). Assessing students’ perceptions of campus community: A focus group approach. Association for Institutional Research Professional File, 95, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • D'Silva, K., Noulas, A., Musolesi, M., Mascolo, C., & Sklar, M. (2018). Predicting the temporal activity patterns of new venues. EPJ Data Science, 7(13), 13. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0142-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Nadai, M., Staiano, J., Larcher, R., Sebe, N., Quercia, D., & Lepri, B. (2016). The Death and Life of Great Italian Cities: A Mobile Phone Data Perspective. Paper presented at the WWW 2016, Montréal, Canada, April 11-15.

  • Divgi, G., & Chlebus, E. (2013). Characterization of user activity and traffic in a commercial nationwide Wi-fi hotspot network: Global and individual metrics. Wireless Networks, 19, 1783–1805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-013-0558-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fellmann, J. D., Getis, A., & Getis, J. (2007). Human geography: Landscapes of human activities (9th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Science Engineering.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, N. I. (1993). Statistical Analysis of Circular Data, Cambridge. UK: Cambridge University Press.

  • Gustafson, P. (2001). Meanings of place: Everyday experience and theoretical conceptualizations. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(1), 5–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halvorson, W. (2011). Third places take first place in second life: Developing a scale to measure the 'Stickiness' of virtual world sites. Journal of Virtual Worlds Research, 3(3), 4–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, C. (2007). Libraries with lattes: The new third place. Australasian Public Libraries and Information Services, 20(4), 145–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henning-Thurau, T., Langer, M. F., & Hansen, U. (2001). Modeling and managing student loyalty: An approach based on the concept of relationship quality. Journal of Service Research, 3(4), 331–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hickman, P. (2013). "third places" and social interaction in deprived neighbourhoods in Great Britain. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 28(2), 221–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Houlihan, R. (2005). The academic library as congenial space: More on the Saint Mary’s experience. New Library World, 106(1208/1209), 7–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffres, L. W., Bracken, C. C., Jian, G., & Casey, M. F. (2009). The impact of third places on community quality of life. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 4(4), 333–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karaçor, E. K. (2016). Public vs. private: The evaluation of different space types in terms of Publicness dimension. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 5(3), 51–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kontokosta, C., & Johnson, N. (2017). Urban phenology: Toward a real-time census of the city using Wi-fi data. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 64, 144–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotz, D., & Essien, K. (2005). Analysis of a campus-wide wireless network. Wireless Networks, 11, 115–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luna, M. (2017). A case study of the influence of multipurpose spaces on campus life at an institution of art and design. Long Beach: California State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahanti, A., Williamson, C., & Arlitt, M. (2007). Remote analysis of a distributed WLAN using passive wireless-side measurement. Performance Evalutaiton, 64(9–12), 909–932.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manzo, L. C., & Perkins, D. D. (2006). Finding common ground: The importance of place attachment to community participation and planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 20(4), 335–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mardia, K. V. (1972). Statistics of directional data. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehta, V., & Bosson, J. K. (2010). Third places and the social life of streets. Environment and Behavior, 42(6), 779–805.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Memarovic, N., Fels, S., Anacleto, J., Calderon, R., Gobbo, F., & Carroll, J. M. (2014). Rethinking third places: Contemporary design with technology. The Journal of Community Informatics, 10(3).

  • Meneses, F., & Moreira, A. (2012). Large scale movement analysis from WiFi based location data. Paper presented at the 2012 international conference on indoor positioning and indoor navigation, Sydney, Australia, 13-15 November.

  • Mullins, J., & Linehan, M. (2006). Senior public librarians looking to the future. New Library World, 107(1222/1223), 105–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murcio, R., Soundararaj, B., & Lugomer, K. (2018). Movements in cities: Footfall and its spatio-temporal distribution. In P. Longley, J. Cheshire, & A. Singleton (Eds.), Consumer data research (pp. 85–96). London: UCL Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oldenburg, R. (1999). The great good place (3rd ed.). New York: Marlowe and Co..

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkes, D., & Thrift, N. (1980). Times, spaces and places: A Chronogeographic perspective. Chichester: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling alone. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rizzo, J. C. (2002). Finding your place in the information age library. New Library World, 103(1182/1183), 457–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapira, R., & Navon, D. (1991). Alone together: Public and private dimensions of a Tel-Aviv cafe. Qualitative Sociology, 14(2), 107–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siła-Nowicka, K., Vandrol, J., Oshan, T., Long, J. A., Demšar, U., & Fotheringham, A. S. (2016). Analysis of human mobility patterns from GPS trajectories and contextual information. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 30(5), 881–906.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strange, C. C., & Banning, J. H. (2001). Educating by design: Creating learning environments that work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuan, Y.-F. (1979). Space and place: Humanistic perspective. In S. Gale, & G. Olsson (Eds.), Philosophy in geography (pp. 387–427). Netherlands: Springer.

  • Wang, Y., Kamng, C., Bettencourt, L. M. A., Liu, Y., & Andris, C. (2015). Linked activity spaces: Embedding social networks in urban space. In M. Helbich, J. J. Arsanjani, & M. Leitner (Eds.), Computational approaches for urban environments (pp. 313–336). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.

  • Waxman, L. (2006). The coffee shop: Social and physical factors influencing place attachment. Journal of Interior Design, 31(3), 35–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waxman, L., Clemons, S., Banning, J., & McKelfres, D. (2007). The library as place: Providing students with opportunities for socialization, relaxation, and restoration. New Library World, 108(9/10), 424–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, S. A., & Hipp, J. R. (2019). How great and how good?: Third places, neighbor interaction, and cohesion in the neighborhood context. Social Science Research, 77, 68–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worley, K. (2011). Educating college students of the net generation. Adult Learning, 22(3), 31–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, C., Qin, H., & Yu, M. (2015). Visualizing spatiotemporal trajectories of mobile social media users using space-time cube. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 42(sup1), 75–83.

  • Zhang, Y.-Q., & Li, X. (2013). Temporal dynamics and impact of event interactions in cyber-social populations. Chaos, 23(1), 013131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zola, E., & Barcelo-Arroyo, F. (2011). A comparative analysis of the user behavior in academic WiFi networks. In proceedings of the 6th ACM workshop on performance monitoring and measurement of heterogeneous wireless and wired networks, pp. 59-66.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rosabella Borsellino.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Borsellino, R., Charles-Edwards, E. & Corcoran, J. A Toolkit for Measuring Visitation in Third Places. Appl. Spatial Analysis 14, 547–562 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-020-09372-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-020-09372-1

Keywords

Navigation