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Abstract

In Indonesia, according to civil law, a political party can be a separate legal personality from its members vested with the same legal rights and duties as a legal citizen. They can participate in the economic, politic, legal, and social relationships. If they violate the law, they can also be held responsible. However, it is still very doubtful whether they can be liable in criminal law since they have critical function in the democratic political process as acknowledge by the constitution. This paper examines the position of a political party in their criminal liability, whether they can be prosecuted, and sanctioned. In order to do that the scientific methodology used for this research is doctrinal legal research, scrutinizing some theories, regulations, and legal cases, and analyzing some legal theories on corporate legal personalities. It examines regulations and cases that describe the conditions when a political party can or cannot be prosecuted as political parties. It is concluded that political parties do have some peculiarities that ordinary private corporations do not, such as the important roles they play in constitutional life as they can contest election results and hold power in the government. Some countries treat political parties differently when it comes to criminal law. This research will provide valuable information for judges, other law enforcement officers, and academia in understanding the position of political parties in criminal liability.

Bahasa Abstract

Di Indonesia, menurut hukum perdata, sebuah partai politik dapat menjadi subjek hukum yang terpisah dari para anggotanya, yang memiliki hak dan kewajiban hukum yang sama dengan warga negara yang sah. Mereka dapat terlibat dalam fungsi ekonomi, politik, hukum, dan sosial. Jika mereka melanggar hukum, mereka juga dapat bertanggung jawab. Namun, apakah mereka dapat dipertanggungjawabkan dalam hukum pidana masih merupakan sesuatu yang diperdebatkan. Tulisan ini melakukan analisis mengai posisi suatu partai politik dalam hal dapat dipertanggungjawabkan, dituntut, dan dikenai sanksi pidana. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan di atas, metodologi ilmiah yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif, yaitu dengan meneliti beberapa teori hukum tentang kepribadian korporasi, peraturan, dan kasus hukum. Penelitian ini akan menganalisis kondisi ketika sebuah partai politik dapat atau tidak dapat dituntut dalam hukum pidana. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa partai memiliki beberapa kekhasan yang berbeda dengan bentuk korporasi lain. Mereka tidak dapat dipersamakan dengan korporasi publik dan mereka juga tidak dapat secara sederhana dengan perusahaan private biasa. Partai politik memiliki peran penting dalam kehidupan konstitusional karena mereka dapat ikut serta dalam pemilihan umum dan mereka memegang kekuasaan di pemerintahan. Beberapa negara lain memperlakukan partai politik secara berbeda dalam hal pertanggungjawaban pidana. Penelitian ini akan memberikan informasi berharga bagi hakim, petugas penegak hukum lainnya, dan akademisi dalam memahami posisi dan kemampuan partai politik untuk dapat dipertanggungjawabkan dalam hukum pidana.

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