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Factors affecting adult body condition in the endangered northern rockhopper penguin

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Abstract

Understanding the factors that drive the dynamics of populations of long‐lived species presents a unique challenge for conservation management. Here, we investigated long-term change in the body condition of adult northern rockhopper penguins Eudyptes moseleyi at Amsterdam Island, southern Indian Ocean, which hosts 5–10% of the global population of this endangered species. Analysis of a long‐term dataset (1994–2016), concurrent to the population's rapid decline, revealed no trend in adult northern rockhopper penguin body condition over time at the stages considered in this study, i.e. breeding and moulting. However, body condition varied between years and sexes and part of this variation was explained by environmental factors. Males were on average in better condition than females whatever the stage and individuals on average were in better condition during the moulting compared to the breeding period. The environmental conditions [sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTa), Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole (SIOD) and Southern Annular Mode (SAM)] appeared to impact non-linearly the body condition. Overall, females were in better condition for negative values of SAM, SIOD and SSTa. The body condition of males exhibited similar but less complex and more significant patterns, with decreasing body condition for increasing SAM, SIOD and SSTa. The absence of long-term trends in male and female body condition suggests that the very low reproductive output and declining population since 1997 is probably not the result of environmental conditions during pre-breeding and pre-moult and necessitates further research into possible drivers during the breeding season.

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Acknowledgements

We thank D. Joubert for data management, M Quintin for data preparation, and Y Tremblay, JY Georges, L Zimmerman, G Beauplet, M Ghestem, T. Deville, F Le Bouard, P Thyrland, M Authier; JB Thiebot, N Mignot, C Alotto, C Chauvel, L Gaillard, B Callard, J Demay, R Bigonneau, R Bazire, H Le Berre, M Quintin for their contribution to the long-term monitoring. The long-term study was supported financially and logistically by the French Polar Institute IPEV (program 109, resp. H. Weimerskirch) and the Zone Atelier Antarctique ZATA CNRS-INEE. We would further like to thank Nina Dehnhard and an anonymous reviewer and the associated editor Thomas A Clay for helpful comments on manuscript.

Funding

The long-term study was supported financially and logistically by the French Polar Institute IPEV (program 109, resp. H. Weimerskirch) and the Zone Atelier Antarctique ZATA CNRS-INEE and Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre D’Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 du, CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France

    Karine Delord, Charles-André Bost, Henri Weimerskirch & Christophe Barbraud

  2. LOCEAN Laboratory, Sorbonne Universités (UPMC, University Paris 06), CNRS-IRD-MNHN, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France

    Cédric Cotté & Pascal Terray

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  1. Karine Delord
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  2. Cédric Cotté
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  3. Pascal Terray
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  4. Charles-André Bost
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  5. Henri Weimerskirch
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  6. Christophe Barbraud
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Contributions

Study design: CB, KD, HW. Data analysis and processing: KD, CB, CC, PT. Funding acquisition: HW. KD wrote the text and all authors edited and revised the manuscript, gave final approval for publication and agreed to be held accountable for the content therein.

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Correspondence to Karine Delord.

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The Ethics Committee of IPEV and the Comité Environnement Polaire approved the field procedures for the French Southern Territories.

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Delord, K., Cotté, C., Terray, P. et al. Factors affecting adult body condition in the endangered northern rockhopper penguin. Mar Biol 168, 27 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03832-z

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