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Climate and vegetation change during the Upper Siwalik—a study based on the palaeobotanical record of the eastern Himalaya

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Abstract

Today, Northeastern India receives some of the highest annual rainfall totals globally. The major portion of annual precipitation in this region falls during the Indian Summer Monsoon season (June–September); however, this region also receives a significant amount of rainfall during the pre-monsoon season (March–May). Here, we quantitatively reconstruct the climate of the Upper Siwalik subgroup, eastern Himalayan region, based on fossil assemblages using the Coexistence Approach (CA). The age of the fossil assemblage is considered to be late Pliocene–early Pleistocene. Data reconstructed for the present-day and past pre-monsoon rainfall in Northeastern India indicate an increasing trend since the late Miocene–early Pliocene. During the late Pliocene–early Pleistocene (Upper Siwalik), the temperature seasonality between warm (27–28.1 °C) and cold months (22–23.6 °C) was less pronounced compared with present-day warm (27–27.7 °C) and cold (14.8–15.4 °C) months conditions at the fossil locality. The reconstructed rainfall data indicate a monsoonal type of climate having a strong seasonality in wet and dry seasons during the deposition of the Upper Siwalik sediments. Moreover, composition of the fossil floras and reconstructed palaeoclimate suggest a vegetation shift from dominantly wet evergreen to semi-evergreen at the fossil locality, coincident with an increase in length of the dry season. The comparison of reconstructed CA data and climate modelling data of a Gelasian time slice with that of previously reconstructed climate data by using Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Programme (CLAMP) analysis of the late Pliocene–early Pleistocene (Upper Siwalik) fossils of the same locality provides nearly the identical result. Furthermore, all the reconstructed data indicate a monsoonal type of climate during the deposition of the Upper Siwalik sediments.

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Acknowledgements

GS, HB, RCM and MS are thankful to the Director, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow for providing necessary facilities of the present research work. The authors are thankful to Prof. R.A. Spicer, Open University, UK, and one anonymous reviewer for their constructive suggestions. This work is a contribution to NECLIME (Neogene Climate Evolution of Eurasia).

Funding

AF and PJV acknowledge funding from NERC through NE/K014757/1, NE/I005722/1, NE/I005714/1, and (PJV also) NE/P013805/1. GS acknowledge the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative number 2018VMC0005.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, 53 University Road, Lucknow, 226 007, India

    Gaurav Srivastava, Harshita Bhatia, R. C. Mehrotra & Mayank Shekhar

  2. School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK

    A. Farnsworth & P. J. Valdes

  3. CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China

    Tao Su

  4. Steinmann Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Torsten Utescher

  5. Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Torsten Utescher

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  1. Gaurav Srivastava
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Srivastava, G., Farnsworth, A., Bhatia, H. et al. Climate and vegetation change during the Upper Siwalik—a study based on the palaeobotanical record of the eastern Himalaya. Palaeobio Palaeoenv 101, 103–121 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-020-00457-w

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