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Palaeogeographic implications of ichnotaxa assemblages from early Permian fluvio-marine Barakar Formation, Raniganj Basin, India

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Abstract

The sandstone-shale-coal succession of the Barakar Formation (early Permian) of the Raniganj Basin, India hosts low-diversity ichnoassemblages, containing ichnogenera Arenicolites, Chondrites, Diplocraterion, Monocraterion, Ophiomorpha, Palaeophycus, Planolites, Skolithos, Taenidium, and Thalassinoides, produced by shallow marine infaunal invertebrates. Sedimentary facies architecture depicts a transgressive, fluvio-tidal (with a minor wave) interactive estuarine depositional setting. The fluvial deposits, lying beyond the zone of tidal encroachments, record absence of trace fossils, which is attributed to a low colonization window caused by high fluvial discharge and frequent channel migrations. Tidal interactions with high fluvial discharge led to bay-head deltas in the inner-middle estuary with the dominance of suspension-feeding and deposit-feeding ichnotaxa in coarser- and finer-dominated sediments, respectively, suggesting a mixed Skolithos–Cruziana ichnofacies. Increasing tidal influence with very less fluvial input allowed opportunistic colonizers and deposit feeders of the Cruziana ichnofacies to flourish in the central estuarine setting. Intermittent low-oxygenated restricted conditions marked by the chemosymbiotic ichnoassemblages of the Zoophycos ichnofacies indicate very low energy conditions. The outer estuary with increasing wave dominance is inhabited by suspension-feeding, domicile ichnotaxa of Skolithos ichnofacies, frequently mixed with the ichnotaxa of the Cruziana ichnofacies. The recurrent juxtaposition and lateral distribution of the Seilacherian marginal marine ichnofacies is attributed to complex sediment–organism interaction patterns in response to prevalent energy conditions, sediment discharge and substrate conditions in different zones of the fluvio-tidal estuarine setting. The integrated sedimentological-ichnological model signifies marine transgressions that affected the palaeogeography of the Permian continental Gondwanaland.

Research Highlights

  • Sedimentological–ichnological analysis signifies marine encroachment in Barakar Formation in peninsular India.

  • Ichnoassemblages point to complex pattern of sediment–organism interactions with gross energy distribution.

  • Sustained marine transgression event within the continental Gondwanaland during early Permian is visualized.

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Acknowledgements

Financial support in the form of the FASTTRACK Research Scheme (No. SR/FTP/ES-170/2010) awarded to B Bhattacharya by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Government of India, is gratefully acknowledged. The authors are thankful to the two anonymous reviewers for constructive suggestions and critical comments, which helped in enhancing the clarity of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, 247 667, India

    Biplab Bhattacharya

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, NSHM School of Engineering and Technology, Durgapur, 713 212, India

    Joyeeta Bhattacharjee

  3. Department of Geology, J.K. College, Purulia, 723 101, India

    Sudipto Banerjee

  4. Geological Survey of India, Jaipur, 302 004, India

    Tamanya Roy

  5. Department of Geology, Hooghly Mohsin College, Chinsurah, 712 101, India

    Sandip Bandyopadhyay

Authors
  1. Biplab Bhattacharya
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  2. Joyeeta Bhattacharjee
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  3. Sudipto Banerjee
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  4. Tamanya Roy
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  5. Sandip Bandyopadhyay
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Contributions

B Bhattacharya: Conceptualization, visualization, investigation, identification-ichnotaxa, simulation of data, modelling, validation, writing, reviewing and editing; J Bhattacharjee: Investigation, identification-ichnotaxa, systematic descriptions, interpretations, simulation of data, writing-draft; S Banerjee: Investigation, identification-ichnotaxa, systematic descriptions, interpretations, simulation of data, writing-draft; T Roy: Investigation, identification-ichnotaxa, systematic descriptions, interpretations, writing; S Bandyopadhyay: Conceptualization, visualization, writing – reviewing and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Biplab Bhattacharya.

Additional information

Communicated by Santanu Banerjee

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Bhattacharya, B., Bhattacharjee, J., Banerjee, S. et al. Palaeogeographic implications of ichnotaxa assemblages from early Permian fluvio-marine Barakar Formation, Raniganj Basin, India. J Earth Syst Sci 130, 12 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-020-01522-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-020-01522-w

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