Social Injustice in Surveillance Capitalism
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Published:
Dec 5, 2017
Keywords:
corporate surveillance, dataveillance, social justice, big data, personal data
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Abstract
A rapidly accelerating phase of capitalism based on asymmetrical personal data accumulation poses significant concerns for democratic societies, yet the concepts used to understand and challenge practices of dataveillance are insufficient or poorly elaborated. Against a backdrop of growing corporate power enabled by legal lethargy and the secrecy of the personal data industry, this paper makes explicit how the practices inherent to what Shoshana Zuboff calls ‘surveillance capitalism’ are threats to social justice, based on the normative principle that they prevent parity of participation in social life. This paper draws on Nancy Fraser’s theory of ‘abnormal justice’ to characterize the separation of people from their personal data and its accumulation by corporations as an economic injustice of maldistribution. This initial injustice is also the key mechanism by which further opaque but significant forms of injustice are enabled in surveillance capitalism—sociocultural misrecognition which occurs when personal data are algorithmically processed and subject to categorization, and political misrepresentation which renders people democratically voiceless, unable to challenge misuses of their data. In situating corporate dataveillance practices as a threat to social justice, this paper calls for more explicit conceptual development of the social harms of asymmetrical personal data accumulation and analytics, and more hopefully, attention to the requirements needed to recast personal data as an agent of equality rather than oppression.
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Fraser, Nancy 2008. Abnormal Justice. Critical Inquiry 34 (3): 393-422.
Fuchs, Christian. 2010. Labor in Informational Capitalism and on the Internet. The Information Society 26 (3): 179-196.
Gandy, Oscar H. 1993. The Panoptic Sort: A Political Economy of Personal Information. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
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Gitelman, Lisa, ed. 2013. "Raw Data" is an Oxymoron. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Graham, Stephen, and David Wood. 2003. Digitizing surveillance: categorization, space, inequality. Critical Social Policy 23 (2): 227-248.
Hacking, Ian. 1982. Biopower and the avalanche of printed numbers. Humanities in Society 5 (3-4): 279-295.
Hacking, Ian. 1999. Making Up People. In The Science Studies Reader, edited by Biagioli, M., 161-171. London: Routledge.
Haggerty, Kevin D, and Richard V Ericson. 2000. The surveillant assemblage. The British Journal of Sociology 51 (4): 605-622.
Harvey, David. 2003. The New Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Helm, Paula. 2016. Group Privacy in Times of Big Data. A Literature Review. Digital Culture & Society 2 (2): 137-152.
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Hu, Tung-Hui. 2015. A Prehistory of the Cloud. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kennedy, Helen, and Giles Moss. 2015. Known or knowing publics? Social media data mining and the question of public agency. Big Data & Society 2 (2).
Kennedy, Helen, Thomas Poell, and Jose van Dijck. 2015. Data and agency. Big Data & Society 2 (2): 1-7.
Kinsley, Samuel. 2014. The matter of 'virtual' geographies. Progress in Human Geography 38 (3): 364-384.
Kitchin, Rob. 2014. The Data Revolution: Big Data, Open Data, Data Infrastructures and Their Consequences. London: Sage.
Kshetri, Nir. 2016. Big data’s role in expanding access to financial services in China. International Journal of Information Management 36 (3): 297-308.
Kuhn, Thomas S. 1962. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kuner, Christopher, Fred H. Cate, Christopher Millard, Dan Jerker B. Svantesson, and Orla Lynskey. 2015. Internet Balkanization gathers pace: is privacy the real driver? International Data Privacy Law 5 (1): 1-2.
Lor, Peter Johan, and Johannes Britz. 2005. Knowledge production from an African perspective: International information flows and intellectual property. International Information & Library Review 37 (2): 61-76.
Lyon, David. 2003a. Introduction. In Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk, and Digital Discrimination, edited by Lyon, D. London: Routledge.
Lyon, David, ed. 2003b. Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk, and Digital Discrimination. London: Routledge.
Lyon, David. 2007. Surveillance Studies: An Overview. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
Lyon, David. 2014. Surveillance, Snowden, and Big Data: Capacities, consequences, critique. Big Data & Society 1 (2): 1-13.
Madden, Mary, and Lee Rainie. 2015. Americans’ Attitudes About Privacy, Security and Surveillance. Pew Research Center. Available at: http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/05/20/americans-attitudes-about-privacy-security-and-surveillance/ (accessed 15 Jan 2017).
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