Abstract
When oil is spilled into the environment its toxicity is affected by abiotic conditions. The cumulative and interactive stressors of chemical contaminants and environmental factors are especially relevant in estuaries where tidal fluctuations cause wide variability in salinity, temperature, and ultraviolet (UV) light penetration, which is an important modifying factor for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) toxicity. Characterizing the interactions of multiple stressors on oil toxicity will improve prediction of environmental impacts under various spill scenarios. This study examined changes in crude oil toxicity with temperature, salinity, and UV light. Oil exposures included high-energy, water-accommodated fractions (HEWAFs) and thin oil sheens. Larval (24–48 h post hatch) estuarine species representing different trophic levels and habitats were evaluated. Mean 96 h LC50 values for oil prepared as a HEWAF and tested under standard conditions (20 ppt, 25 °C, No-UV) were 62.5 µg/L tPAH50 (mud snails), 198.5 µg/L (grass shrimp), and 774.5 µg/L (sheepshead minnows). Thin oil sheen 96 h LC50 values were 5.3 µg/L tPAH50 (mud snails), 14.7 µg/L (grass shrimp), and 22.0 µg/L (sheepshead minnows) under standard conditions. UV light significantly increased the toxicity of oil in all species tested. Oil toxicity also was greater under elevated temperature and lower salinity. Multi-stressor (oil combined with either increased temperature, decreased salinity, or both) LC50 values were reduced to 3 µg/L tPAH50 for HEWAFs and < 1.0 µg/L tPAH50 for thin oil sheens. Environmental conditions at the time of an oil spill will significantly influence oil toxicity and organismal response and should be taken into consideration in toxicity testing and oil spill damage assessments.
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Data are available through the NOAA CAFE database and upon request (marie.delorenzo@noaa.gov).
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the assistance of members of the NOAA NCCOS Ecotoxicology Branch: Michael Fulton, Natasha White, Brian Shaddrix, James Daugomah, Blaine West, Joe Wade, Danielle Beers, and Cassie Horton, and also the collaborative support of members of NOAA’s Office of Response & Restoration: Lisa DiPinto, Michel Gielazyn, and Scott Lundgren. They thank Len Balthis for advice and assistance with statistical analysis. The NOAA, National Ocean Service does not approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or material mentioned in this publication.
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MDL: concept and design, data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation, writing. PK: data acquisition and interpretation. KC: data acquisition and analysis. KA: data acquisition and analysis, writing. DH: data acquisition and analysis, writing. CJ: data acquisition and analysis, writing. PP: data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. EP: data acquisition and analysis. EW: data analysis and interpretation.
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DeLorenzo, M.E., Key, P.B., Chung, K.W. et al. Multi-stressor Effects of Ultraviolet Light, Temperature, and Salinity on Louisiana Sweet Crude Oil Toxicity in Larval Estuarine Organisms. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 80, 461–473 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-021-00809-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-021-00809-3