Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T07:10:03.968Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

THE BODY, THE STRANGER, AND CORDON MINORITAIRE

A Phenomenological Exploration of Contained Workplace Mobility among Racialized Public Servants in British Columbia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 February 2021

Farid Asey*
Affiliation:
Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto
*
Corresponding author: Farid Asey, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5S 1V4. E-mail: farid.asey@mail.utoronto.ca

Abstract

Canada is touted as a diverse, tolerant, and multicultural country where the prevailing understanding is that racial injustices emanating from structural oppression are not widespread. Analysing lived experiences of racialized participants who worked in publicly funded places of employment in British Columbia (BC), this qualitative study offers a phenomenological exploration of a particular manifestation of racial discrimination: that of quarantine-like containment of mobility at work. Examining undue restrictions and mobility limitations imposed on participants, this article will use three metaphors—stranger for racialized individuals, body for workplaces, and cordon minoritaire as the process of containing the mobility of strangers within the body—to present and discuss findings on: 1) excessive targeted scrutiny; 2) wrongful seating arrangements; 3) cold and transactional interactions; and, 4) bad faith references. In this regard, cordon minoritaire is presented as a novel analytical framework to illustrate the ways in which racialized workers were cordoned off, with their professional freedoms and career mobilities restricted, in order to quarantine White ecosystems of employment. Consequently, cordon minoritaire machinations created perniciously unequal conditions that fundamentally and unjustly constrained participants into working under discriminatory conditions—depravities that are at odds with whimsical notions of Canada as tolerant, multicultural, and morally superior to its neighbour south of the border.

Type
State of the Art
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Hutchins Center for African and African American Research

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ahmed, Sara (2000a). Strange Encounters: Embodied Others in Post-Coloniality. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ahmed, Sara (2000b). Who Knows?: Knowing Strangers and Strangerness. Australian Feminist Studies, 15(31): 4968.Google Scholar
Al-Waqfi, Mohammed, and Jain, Harish C. (2008). Racial Inequality in Employment in Canada: Empirical Analysis and Emerging Trends. Canadian Public Administration, 51: 429453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, Martin (1981). The New Racism: Conservatives and the Ideology of the Tribe. Baltimore, MD: University Publications America.Google Scholar
Blackstock, Cindy (2010). First Nations Children. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association journal/journal de l’Association Medicale Canadienne, 182(9): 941-941. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.110-2029.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blackstock, Cindy (2016). Toward the Full and Proper Implementation of Jordan’s Principle: An Elusive Goal to Date. Paediatrics & Child Health, 21(5): 245-246. doi: 10.1093/pch/21.5.245.Google ScholarPubMed
Block, Sheila, and Galabuzi, Grace-Edward (2011). Canada’s Colour Coded Labour Market: The Gap for Racialized Workers. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives & The Wellesley Institute.Google Scholar
Block, Sheila, Galabuzi, Grace-Edward, and Tranjan, Ricardo (2019). Canada’s Colour Coded Income Inequality. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.Google Scholar
Bolaria, B. Singh, and Li, Peter S. (1988). Racial Oppression in Canada. 2nd ed. Toronto, ON: Garamond Press.Google Scholar
Brosseau, Laurence, and Dewing, Michael (2018). Canadian Multiculturalism: Background Paper. Ottawa, ON: Library of Parliament.Google Scholar
Carter, Robert T., and Forsyth, Jessica (2010). Reactions to Racial Discrimination: Emotional Stress and Help-Seeking Behaviors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2(3):183191.Google Scholar
Coates, Rodney D. (Ed.) (2011). Covert Racism: Theories, Institutions, and Experiences. Boston, MA: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corntassel, Jeff, and Holder, Cindy (2008). Who’s Sorry Now?: Government Apologies, Truth Commissions, and Indigenous Self-Determination in Australia, Canada, Guatemala, and Peru. Human Rights Review, 9(4): 465489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunningham, Michael (1999). Saying Sorry: The Politics of Apology. Political Quarterly, 70(3): 285293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Currie, Cheryl L., Wild, Cameron, Schopflocher, Donald P., Laing, Lory, and Veugelers, Paul (2012). Racial Discrimination Experienced by Aboriginal University Students in Canada. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(10): 617625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Das Gupta, Tania (1996). Racism and Paid Work. Toronto, ON: Garamond Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Das Gupta, Tania (2008). Racism/Anti-racism, Precarious Employment, and Unions. In Wallis, Maria A. and Kwok, Siu-ming (Eds.), Daily Struggles: The Deepening Racialization and Feminization of Poverty in Canada, pp. 143163. Toronto, ON: Canadian Scholars’ Press.Google Scholar
Day, Shelagh (2018). Equal Status for Indigenous Women – Sometime, Not Now: The Indian Act and Bill S-3. Canadian Woman Studies, 33(1/2): 174185.Google Scholar
de Sales, Turner (2003). Horizons Revealed: From Methodology to Method. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 2(1): 1-17. doi: 10.1177/160940690300200101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dhamoon, Rita, Bhandar, Davina, Mawani, Renisa, and Bains, Satwinder Kaur (Eds.) (2019). Unmooring the Komagata Maru: Charting Colonial Trajectories. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.Google Scholar
Essed, Philomena (2007). The Integration of Racism into Everyday Life: The Story of Rosa N. In Das Gupta, Tania, James, Carl E., Maaka, Roger, Galabuzi, Grace-Edward and Andersen, Chris (Eds.), Race and Racialization: Essential Readings, pp. 209216. Toronto, ON: Canadian Scholars’ Press.Google Scholar
Farha, Leilani (2019). Adequate Housing as a Component of the Right to an Adequate Standard of Living, and the Right to Non-Discrimination in this Context. UN General Assembly, Seventy-fourth session. <https://undocs.org/en/a/74/183> (accessed February 19, 2020).+(accessed+February+19,+2020).>Google Scholar
Farooqui, Salmaan (2019). UN Report Highlights ’Abhorrent’ Housing Conditions for Indigenous People. The Canadian Press, October 21, 2019. <https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/un-report-highlights-abhorrent-housing-conditions-for-indigenous-people-1.4647433> (accessed February 19, 2020).+(accessed+February+19,+2020).>Google Scholar
Fekete, Liz (2001). The Emergence of Xeno-Racism. Race & Class, 43(2): 2340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finlay, Linda (2014). Engaging Phenomenological Analysis. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 11(2): 121-141. doi: 10.1080/14780887.2013.807899.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flanagan, Ryan (2020). StatCan Survey Shows New Evidence of Increase in Anti-Asian Sentiment, Attacks. CTV News, July 8. <https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/statcan-survey-shows-new-evidence-of-increase-in-anti-asian-sentiment-attacks-1.5016027> (accessed November 4, 2020).Google Scholar
Galabuzi, Grace-Edward (2008). Social Exclusion: Socio-Economic and Political Implications of the Racialized Gap. In Wallis, Maria A. and Kwok, Siu-ming (Eds.), Daily Struggles: The Deepening Racialization and Feminization of Poverty in Canada, pp. 8194. Toronto, ON: Canadian Scholars’ Press.Google Scholar
Harper, Shaun R., Davis, Ryan J., Jones, David E., McGowan, Brian L., Ingram, Ted N., and Spencer Platt, C. (2011). Race and Racism in the Experiences of Black Male Resident Assistants at Predominantly White Universities. Journal of College Student Development, 52(2): 180200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, Stephen (2008). Prime Minister Harper Offers Full Apology on Behalf of Canadians for the Indian Residential Schools System. Edited by Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Ottawa, ON: Government of Canada.Google Scholar
Henry, Frances (2017). The Equity Myth: Racialization and Indigeneity at Canadian Universities. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.Google Scholar
Henry, Frances, and Tator, Carol (2010). The Colour of Democracy: Racism in Canadian Society. 4th ed. Toronto, ON: Nelson Education.Google Scholar
Hickman, Pamela M., and Fukawa, Masako (2011). Japanese Canadian Internment in the Second World War. Toronto, ON: James Lorimer and Company Ltd.Google Scholar
Watch, Human Rights (2020). Covid-19 Fueling Anti-Asian Racism and Xenophobia Worldwide: National Action Plans Needed to Counter Intolerance. <https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/12/covid-19-fueling-anti-asian-racism-and-xenophobia-worldwide> (accessed November 4, 2020).+(accessed+November+4,+2020).>Google Scholar
Johnston, Hugh J. M. (2014). The Voyage of the Komagata Maru: The Sikh Challenge to Canada’s Colour Bar. Expanded and Fully Revised Edition. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.Google Scholar
Keung, Nicholas (2020). With Anti-Asian Sentiments Rising, Asian People are Imagining What Life Will Look Like Post Pandemic. Toronto Star, May 12. <https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2020/05/12/with-anti-asian-sentiments-rising-asian-people-are-imagining-what-life-will-look-like-post-pandemic.html> (accessed November 4, 2020).+(accessed+November+4,+2020).>Google Scholar
Lewis, Duncan, and Gunn, Rod (2007). Workplace Bullying in the Public Sector: Understanding the Racial Dimension. Public Administration, 85(3): 641666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindseth, Anders, and Norberg, Astrid (2004). A Phenomenological Hermeneutical Method for Researching Lived Experience. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 18(2): 145-153. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2004.00258.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopes, Tina, and Thomas, Barb (2006). Dancing on Live Embers: Challenging Racism in Organizations. Don Mills, ON: Kimani [Imprint] Harlequin Enterprises, Limited.Google Scholar
Marwah, B. S. (2017). Komagata Maru: A Journey to Canada. Brampton, ON: Peel Art Gallery.Google Scholar
Massarutto, Margot (2004). Institutional Racism in British Columbia: The Japanese Case. M.A. Thesis. University of Toronto.Google Scholar
McAuley, John (2004). Hermeneutic Understanding. In Cassell, Catherine and Symon, Gillian (Eds.), Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research, 191-202. London, UK: SAGE.Google Scholar
Mensah, Joseph, and Williams, Christopher J. (2017). Boomerang Ethics: How Racism Affects Us All. Halifax, NS: Fernwood Publishing.Google Scholar
Nadal, Kevin L., Escobar, Kara Mia Vigilia, Prado, Gail T., David, E. J. R., and Haynes, Kristal (2012). Racial Microaggressions and the Filipino American Experience: Recommendations for Counseling and Development. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 40(3): 156173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neuman, Keith (2019). Race Relations in Canada 2019: A Survey of Canadian Public Opinion and Experience. Toronto, ON: The Environics Institute for Survey Research.Google Scholar
Newberry, Andrea M. (2012). Social Work and Hermeneutic Phenomenology. Journal of Applied Hermeneutics, 218. https://doi.org/10.11575/jah.v0i0.53219.Google Scholar
Omi, Michael, and Winant, Howard (1994). Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ontario Human Rights Commission (OHRC) (2003). Paying the Price: The Human Cost of Racial Profiling. <http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/paying-price-human-cost-racial-profiling> (accessed February 19, 2020).+(accessed+February+19,+2020).>Google Scholar
Pendleton, John (2017). The Experiences of Black and Minority Ethnic Nurses Working in the UK. British Journal of Nursing, 26(1): 3742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richter, Miriam Verena (2011). Creating the National Mosaic: Multiculturalism in Canadian Children’s Literature from 1950 to 1994. New York: Rodopi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothstein, Mark A. (2015). From SARS to Ebola: Legal and Ethical Considerations for Modern Quarantine. Indiana Health Law Review, (1): 227280.Google Scholar
Saulnier, Alana (2017). Surveillance as Communicating Relational Messages: Advancing Understandings of the Surveilled Subject. Surveillance & Society, 15(2): 286302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sembera, Richard (2007). Rephrasing Heidegger: A Companion to Being and Time. Ottawa, ON: University of Ottawa Press.Google Scholar
Sempa, Francis P. (2018). George F. Kennan and the Geopolitics of Containment. Competition Forum, 16(1):179183.Google Scholar
Stanger-Ross, Jordan, and Sugiman, Pamela H. (Eds.) (2017). Witness to Loss: Race, Culpability, and Memory in the Dispossession of Japanese Canadians. Montreal, QC: McGill University Press.Google Scholar
Sue, Derald Wing, Capodilupo, Christina M., Torino, Gina C., Bucceri, Jennifer M., Holder, Aisha M. B., Nadal, Kevin L., and Esquilin, Marta (2007). Racial Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Implications for Clinical Practice. American Psychologist, 62(4): 271286.Google ScholarPubMed
Thobani, Sunera (2007). Exalted Subjects: Studies in the Making of Race and Nation in Canada. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Wiklund, Lena, Lindholm, Lisbet, and Lindström, Unni Å. (2002). Hermeneutics and Narration: A Way to Deal with Qualitative Data. Nursing Inquiry, 9(2): 114125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilk, Piotr, Maltby, Alana, and Cooke, Martin (2017). Residential Schools and the Effects on Indigenous Health and Well-Being in Canada: A Scoping Review. Public Health Reviews, 38(1): 8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, Charmaine (2020). Private Communication: Feedback on Subtheme 3, Cold and Transactional Interactions. Toronto, ON. June 29, 2020.Google Scholar
Winter, Stephen (2008). The Stakes of Inclusion: Chinese Canadian Head Tax Redress. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique, 41(1): 119141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar