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The scale of effect depends on operational definition of forest cover—evidence from terrestrial mammals of the Brazilian savanna

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Abstract

Context

Determining the appropriate scale at which to study species’ interactions with their environment is a great challenge.

Objective

We investigated the spatial extent at which landscape structure affects the occurrence of four species of terrestrial mammalian herbivores in the Brazilian savannas and examined whether those scales could be explained by species ecological traits and how forest habitat was operationally defined.

Methods

Using maps of forest cover, camera trapping and occupancy modelling, we determined the relations between three landscape metrics (percentage of forest cover, patch density and edge density) and the occurrence of four species. To determine the optimal scale of effect for each species, we computed landscape metrics at different spatial extents (from 0.5 to 10 km radius) from camera trap locations and for three forest maps, each using different operational definitions of a forest pixel: minimum of tree cover of 25, 50 or 75%.

Results

The occupancy models revealed scales of effect of 0.5 to 2 km with the scale of effect being similar among three of the species. However, the probability of a scale of effect being detected depended upon how forest is operationally defined, being greater when forest was defined with greater tree cover, particularly for forest-specialist species.

Conclusions

Besides biological traits, the way habitat is operationally defined shapes our ability to detect the scale of effects. Thus, it is necessary not to adopt a multi-scale approach, but also to use multiple operational definitions of habitat, considering particularities of how each species interact with their environment.

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded by a CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brazil) COFECUB (Comité Français d’Évaluation de la Coopération Universitaire et Scientifique and Campus France) grant (French number: Sv 875-17 and Brazilian Process: 23038.001818/2020-70), the Institutional Program of Internationalization sponsored by the CAPES (Finance Code 001; Capes-PrInt 41/2017-Process: 88881.311897/2018-01), the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq Process: 301306/2018-4) and the Pesquisa Ecológica de Longa Duração (PELD/ILTER) Planalto da Bodoquena and the University of Angers (FragHerb project). We would like to thank the Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação (PPGEC) of the Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), the CAPES, the COFECUB, Campus France, the Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT) for their institutional supports and Jacques Baudry for his helpful comments. Finally, we thank two anonymous referees and Marisela Martínez-Ruiz for their helpful comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. LETG-Angers, UMR 6554 CNRS, Université D’Angers, Campus Belle Beille, 2 Bd Lavoisier, 49045, Angers, France

    Christophe Amiot, Cyntia Cavalcante Santos, Beatriz Bellón, Clément Harmange, Pierre-Cyril Renaud & Olivier Pays

  2. LETG-Rennes, UMR 6554 CNRS, Université de Rennes 2, 35043, Rennes, France

    Damien Arvor

  3. Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France

    Hervé Fritz

  4. Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA

    Jeffrey D. Holland

  5. Bioscience Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, MS, 79060-300, Brazil

    Cyntia Cavalcante Santos, Isabel Melo, Fabio de Oliveira Roque & Franco Leandro Souza

  6. Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Jean-Paul Metzger

  7. REHABS International Research Laboratory, CNRSUniversité Lyon 1Nelson Mandela University, George Campus, Madiba drive, George, 6531, South Africa

    Christophe Amiot, Beatriz Bellón, Hervé Fritz, Clément Harmange, Pierre-Cyril Renaud & Olivier Pays

  8. Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS), College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia

    Fabio de Oliveira Roque

  9. Sustainability Research Unit, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa

    Hervé Fritz

  10. Wetlands International—Brazil, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul, Brazil

    Cyntia Cavalcante Santos

  11. Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa

    Beatriz Bellón

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  1. Christophe Amiot
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Amiot, C., Santos, C.C., Arvor, D. et al. The scale of effect depends on operational definition of forest cover—evidence from terrestrial mammals of the Brazilian savanna. Landscape Ecol 36, 973–987 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01196-9

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