Abstract
Coffee is a widely enjoyed beverage and one of the world’s most traded commodities. However, it also generates large amounts of bio-based waste including coffee silverskin (CS) and spent coffee grounds (SCG). Both SCG and CS contain oils, polyphenols, and caffeine among other substances, showing potential for valorization. However, most of the SCG and CS generated by the coffee industry is discarded as waste. SCG and CS are lignocellulosic materials that show potential for the production of biocomposites. Because of their hydrophilic character, chemical modification of these wastes is often necessary before compounding with polymers. Oil extracted from SCG can be cultured with bacteria for producing biopolymers. The use of SCG and CS in nanoform has been seldom explored, although CS in particular shows potential as a source of nanocellulose. Utilization of SCG and CS in packaging development could thus be beneficial in the context of the circular economy. Therefore, this review summarizes recent research on the development of packaging materials using SCG and CS. The composition and characteristics of both wastes are presented, and the production of biopolymers and composites using these materials is discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
All relevant data are included in the article.
References
Briandet R, Kemsley EK, Wilson RH (1996) Discrimination of Arabica and Robusta in instant coffee by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics. J Agric Food Chem 44:170–174
Wu C-T, Agrawal DC, Huang W-Y et al (2019) Functionality analysis of spent coffee ground extracts obtained by the hydrothermal method. J Chem 2019:4671438
ICO (2019) International Coffee Organization: Historical data. http://www.ico.org/new_historical.asp?section=Statistics. Accessed 3 Jul 2020
Campos-Vega R, Loarca-Piña G, Vergara-Castañeda HA, Oomah BD (2015) Spent coffee grounds: a review on current research and future prospects. Trends Food Sci Technol 45:24–36
Ballesteros LF, Teixeira JA, Mussatto SI (2014) Chemical, functional, and structural properties of spent coffee grounds and coffee silverskin. Food Bioprocess Technol 7:3493–3503
Murthy PS, Madhava Naidu M (2012) Sustainable management of coffee industry by-products and value addition—A review. Resour Conserv Recycl 66:45–58
Mata TM, Martins AA, Caetano NS (2018) Bio-refinery approach for spent coffee grounds valorization. Bioresour Technol 247:1077–1084
Karmee SK (2018) A spent coffee grounds based biorefinery for the production of biofuels, biopolymers, antioxidants and biocomposites. Waste Manag 72:240–254
Kourmentza C, Economou CN, Tsafrakidou P, Kornaros M (2018) Spent coffee grounds make much more than waste: Exploring recent advances and future exploitation strategies for the valorization of an emerging food waste stream. J Clean Prod 172:980–992
PlasticsEurope (2018) Plastics-The Facts 2018. https://www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/6315/4510/9658/Plastics_the_facts_2018_AF_web.pdf. Accessed 3 Jul 2020
Siracusa V, Rocculi P, Romani S, Rosa MD (2008) Biodegradable polymers for food packaging: a review. Trends Food Sci Technol 19:634–643
Kuswandi B (2017) Environmental friendly food nano-packaging. Environ Chem Lett 15:205–221
Mohammad Zadeh E, O’Keefe SF, Kim Y-T, Cho J-H (2018) Evaluation of enzymatically modified soy protein isolate film forming solution and film at different manufacturing conditions. J Food Sci 83:946–955
Mohammad Zadeh E, O’Keefe SF, Kim Y-T (2018) Utilization of lignin in biopolymeric packaging films. ACS Omega 3:7388–7398
Rasal RM, Janorkar AV, Hirt DE (2010) Poly(lactic acid) modifications. Prog Polym Sci 35:338–356
Obruca S, Benesova P, Kucera D et al (2015) Biotechnological conversion of spent coffee grounds into polyhydroxyalkanoates and carotenoids. N Biotechnol 32:569–574
McNutt J, He Q, (Sophia), (2019) Spent coffee grounds: A review on current utilization. J Ind Eng Chem 71:78–88
Mussatto SI, Carneiro LM, Silva JPA et al (2011) A study on chemical constituents and sugars extraction from spent coffee grounds. Carbohydr Polym 83:368–374
Speer K, Kölling-Speer I (2006) The lipid fraction of the coffee bean. Brazilian J Plant Physiol 18:201–216
Obruca S, Petrik S, Benesova P et al (2014) Utilization of oil extracted from spent coffee grounds for sustainable production of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98:5883–5890
Raza ZA, Abid S, Banat IM (2018) Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Characteristics, production, recent developments and applications. Int Biodeterior Biodegr 126:45–56
Dattatraya Saratale G, Bhosale R, Shobana S et al (2020) A review on valorization of spent coffee grounds (SCG) towards biopolymers and biocatalysts production. Bioresour Technol 314:123800
Reinecke F, Steinbüchel A (2009) Ralstonia eutropha strain H16 as model organism for PHA metabolism and for biotechnological production of technically interesting biopolymers. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 16:91–108
Povolo S, Toffano P, Basaglia M, Casella S (2010) Polyhydroxyalkanoates production by engineered Cupriavidus necator from waste material containing lactose. Bioresour Technol 101:7902–7907
Bhatia SK, Kim J-H, Kim M-S et al (2018) Production of (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) copolymer from coffee waste oil using engineered Ralstonia eutropha. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 41:229–235
Cruz MV, Paiva A, Lisboa P et al (2014) Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from spent coffee grounds oil obtained by supercritical fluid extraction technology. Bioresour Technol 157:360–363
Obruca S, Benesova P, Petrik S et al (2014) Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates using hydrolysate of spent coffee grounds. Process Biochem 49:1409–1414
Lee GN, Choi SY, Na J et al (2014) Production of polyhydroxybutyrate from crude glycerol and spent coffee grounds extract by Bacillus cereus isolated from sewage treatment plant. KSBB J 29:399–404
Lee W-H, Loo C-Y, Nomura CT, Sudesh K (2008) Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymers from mixtures of plant oils and 3-hydroxyvalerate precursors. Bioresour Technol 99:6844–6851
Kourmentza C, Plácido J, Venetsaneas N et al (2017) Recent advances and challenges towards sustainable polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production. Bioengineering 4:55
Sudesh K, Abe H, Doi Y (2000) Synthesis, structure and properties of polyhydroxyalkanoates: biological polyesters. Prog Polym Sci 25:1503–1555
Bugnicourt E, Cinelli P, Lazzeri A, Alvarez VA (2014) Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): review of synthesis, characteristics, processing and potential applications in packaging. Express Polym Lett 8:791–808
Crompton TR (2012) Mechanical properties of polymers. Physical testing of plastics. Smithers Rapra Technology, London, pp 1–48
Keller PE, Kouzes R (2017) Water vapor permeation in plastics. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington
D’Amico DA, Iglesias Montes ML, Manfredi LB, Cyras VP (2016) Fully bio-based and biodegradable polylactic acid/poly(3-hydroxybutirate) blends: Use of a common plasticizer as performance improvement strategy. Polym Test 49:22–28
Hudeckova H, Neureiter M, Obruca S et al (2018) Biotechnological conversion of spent coffee grounds into lactic acid. Lett Appl Microbiol 66:306–312
Gama NV, Soares B, Freire CSR et al (2015) Bio-based polyurethane foams toward applications beyond thermal insulation. Mater Des 76:77–85
Baek B-S, Park J-W, Lee B-H, Kim H-J (2013) Development and application of green composites: Using coffee ground and bamboo flour. J Polym Environ 21:702–709
Cestari SP, Mendes LC, da Silva DF et al (2013) Properties of recycled high density polyethylene and coffee dregs composites. Polímeros 23:733–737
Kumar TSM, Rajini N, Huafeng T et al (2019) Improved mechanical and thermal properties of spent coffee bean particulate reinforced poly(propylene carbonate) composites. Part Sci Technol 37:643–650
Moustafa H, Guizani C, Dufresne A (2017) Sustainable biodegradable coffee grounds filler and its effect on the hydrophobicity, mechanical and thermal properties of biodegradable PBAT composites. J Appl Polym Sci 134:44498
Chitra NJ, Vasanthakumari R, Amanulla S (2014) Preliminary studies of the effect of coupling agent on the properties of spent coffee grounds polypropylene bio-composites. Int J Eng Res Technol 7:9–16
Panzella L, Cerruti P, Ambrogi V et al (2016) A superior all-natural antioxidant biomaterial from spent coffee grounds for polymer stabilization, Cell protection, and food lipid preservation. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 4:1169–1179
Tan MY, Nicholas Kuan HT, Lee MC (2017) Characterization of alkaline treatment and fiber content on the physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of ground coffee waste/oxobiodegradable HDPE biocomposites. Int J Polym Sci 2017:6258151
Cacciotti I, Mori S, Cherubini V, Nanni F (2018) Eco-sustainable systems based on poly(lactic acid), diatomite and coffee grounds extract for food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 112:567–575
Lee HJ, Lee HK, Lim E, Song YS (2015) Synergistic effect of lignin/polypropylene as a compatibilizer in multiphase eco-composites. Compos Sci Technol 118:193–197
Cataldo VA, Cavallaro G, Lazzara G et al (2017) Coffee grounds as filler for pectin: green composites with competitive performances dependent on the UV irradiation. Carbohydr Polym 170:198–205
Mendes JF, Martins JT, Manrich A et al (2019) Development and physical-chemical properties of pectin film reinforced with spent coffee grounds by continuous casting. Carbohydr Polym 210:92–99
Sohn JS, Ryu Y, Yun C-S et al (2019) Extrusion compounding process for the development of eco-friendly SCG/PP composite pellets. Sustainability 11:1720
Essabir H, Raji M, Laaziz SA et al (2018) Thermo-mechanical performances of polypropylene biocomposites based on untreated, treated and compatibilized spent coffee grounds. Compos Part B Eng 149:1–11
Thiagamani SMK, Nagarajan R, Jawaid M et al (2017) Utilization of chemically treated municipal solid waste (spent coffee bean powder) as reinforcement in cellulose matrix for packaging applications. Waste Manag 69:445–454
García-García D, Carbonell A, Samper MD et al (2015) Green composites based on polypropylene matrix and hydrophobized spend coffee ground (SCG) powder. Compos Part B Eng 78:256–265
Moustafa H, Guizani C, Dupont C et al (2017) Utilization of torrefied coffee grounds as reinforcing agent to produce high-quality biodegradable PBAT composites for food packaging applications. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:1906–1916
Wu H, Hu W, Zhang Y et al (2016) Effect of oil extraction on properties of spent coffee ground–plastic composites. J Mater Sci 51:10205–10214
Wu C-S (2015) Renewable resource-based green composites of surface-treated spent coffee grounds and polylactide: Characterisation and biodegradability. Polym Degrad Stab 121:51–59
Lee HK, Park YG, Jeong T, Song YS (2015) Green nanocomposites filled with spent coffee grounds. J Appl Polym Sci 132:42043
Paul DR, Robeson LM (2008) Polymer nanotechnology: nanocomposites. Polymer (Guildf) 49:3187–3204
Songtipya L, Limchu T, Phuttharak S, et al (2019) Poly (lactic acid)-based composites incorporated with spent coffee ground and tea leave for food packaging application: A waste to wealth. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. IOP Publishing, p 12047
Zarrinbakhsh N, Wang T, Rodriguez-Uribe A et al (2016) Characterization of wastes and coproducts from the coffee industry for composite material production. BioResources 11:7637–7653
Madhavan Nampoothiri K, Nair NR, John RP (2010) An overview of the recent developments in polylactide (PLA) research. Bioresour Technol 101:8493–8501
da Silva LA, de Almeida TMB, Teixeira RV et al (2017) Study of coffee grounds oil action in PVC matrix exposed to gamma radiation: Comparison of systems in film and specimen forms. Mater Res 20:709–715
Wu C-S (2017) Modulation of the interface between polyester and spent coffee grounds in polysaccharide membranes: Preparation, cell proliferation, antioxidant activity and tyrosinase activity. Mater Sci Eng C 78:530–538
Ballesteros LF, Cerqueira MA, Teixeira JA, Mussatto SI (2018) Production and physicochemical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose films enriched with spent coffee grounds polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 106:647–655
Ballesteros LF, Cerqueira MA, Teixeira JA, Mussatto SI (2015) Characterization of polysaccharides extracted from spent coffee grounds by alkali pretreatment. Carbohydr Polym 127:347–354
Toschi TG, Cardenia V, Bonaga G et al (2014) Coffee silverskin: Characterization, possible uses, and safety aspects. J Agric Food Chem 62:10836–10844
Costa ASG, Alves RC, Vinha AF et al (2018) Nutritional, chemical and antioxidant/pro-oxidant profiles of silverskin, a coffee roasting by-product. Food Chem 267:28–35
Narita Y, Inouye K (2014) Review on utilization and composition of coffee silverskin. Food Res Int 61:16–22
Borrelli RC, Esposito F, Napolitano A et al (2004) Characterization of a new potential functional ingredient: Coffee silverskin. J Agric Food Chem 52:1338–1343
Ajayi B (2006) Dimensional stability of cement-bonded boards manufactured with coffee chaff. J Korean Wood Sci Technol 34:52–58
Barone JR (2009) Lignocellulosic fiber-reinforced keratin polymer composites. J Polym Environ 17:143
Sung SH, Chang Y, Han J (2017) Development of polylactic acid nanocomposite films reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals derived from coffee silverskin. Carbohydr Polym 169:495–503
Totaro G, Sisti L, Fiorini M et al (2019) Formulation of green particulate composites from PLA and PBS matrix and wastes deriving from the coffee production. J Polym Environ 27:1488–1496
Sarasini F, Luzi F, Dominici F et al (2018) Effect of different compatibilizers on sustainable composites based on a PHBV/PBAT matrix filled with coffee silverskin. Polymers (Basel) 10:1256
Sarasini F, Tirillò J, Zuorro A et al (2018) Recycling coffee silverskin in sustainable composites based on a poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) matrix. Ind Crops Prod 118:311–320
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Garcia, C.V., Kim, YT. Spent Coffee Grounds and Coffee Silverskin as Potential Materials for Packaging: A Review. J Polym Environ 29, 2372–2384 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-021-02067-9
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-021-02067-9