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The prograde-to-retrograde evolution of the Huangshaping skarn deposit (Nanling Range, South China)

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Abstract

Huangshaping is a world-class skarn deposit hosting abundant W–Sn polymetallic mineralization in the Nanling Range, South China. Although the geochemistry of skarn-hosted mineral deposits has been extensively studied, the role of the prograde-to-retrograde stage transition in the enrichment and precipitation of metallic elements in high-temperature systems has received little study to date. Here, we analyzed garnet, scheelite, and cassiterite in high-temperature granite porphyry-related W–Sn polymetallic system of the Huangshaping deposit to investigate these processes. Three generations of garnet (Grt I, Grt II, and Grt III), two generations of scheelite (Sch I and Sch II), and two types of cassiterite (Cst I and Cst II) were distinguished with regard to their mineral associations, microscopic characteristics, and geochemical features. The results show that grossular–andradite garnet formed from Al-rich andradite (Grt I, Al2O3: 8.18 wt%) in the early prograde stage and pure Fe-andradite (Grt III, Al2O3: 0.15 wt%) in the late prograde stage. Mo-rich scheelite (Sch Ia, MoO3: 19.41 wt%) formed in the prograde stage and coexisted with Grt III, sharing the same REE patterns. A shift from HREE enrichment in Grt I to HREE depletion in Grt III reflects progressive uptake of REEs by secondary mineral phases. Grt III has the highest average contents of W (905 ppm), Mo (19 ppm), and Sn (5610 ppm), suggesting an enrichment of metallic elements at the end of the prograde stage. In contrast, Mo-poor scheelite (Sch II, MoO3: 0.63 wt%) co-crystallized with molybdenite and fluorite in the retrograde stage and shares similar REE patterns with the granite porphyry. Skarn mineralization at Huangshaping was a two-step process controlled by metamorphic stage. The prograde stage was characterized by high temperatures and fO2 and a Cl-rich fluid, and it resulted in enrichment of ore-forming elements with minor scheelite precipitation. The retrograde stage was characterized by lower temperatures and fO2 and a F-rich fluid, and it resulted in major precipitation of ore minerals (scheelite, molybdenite, and cassiterite). Dissolution–reprecipitation reactions played an important role in extraction of metallic elements from decomposing anhydrous skarn minerals and formation of ore minerals. A decrease in the high-field-strength element (HFSE) content of cassiterite from proximal skarn (Cst I) to distal skarn (Cst II) indicates declining temperature accompanied by precipitation of fluorite. This study examines the transition from the prograde stage to the retrograde stage in the Huangshaping deposit, and it provides insights into the genesis of other skarn W–Sn polymetallic deposits in the Nanling magmatic–tectonic–metallogenic belt.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Georges Beaudoin (Editor-in-Chief), Frank Melcher (Associate Editor), and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions that significantly improved this study.

Funding

This work was co-financed by the National Key Research and Development Plan (Grant No. 2018YFC0603902) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41502067).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring, Ministry of Education, School of Geosciences and Info–Physics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China

    Da-Peng Zhu, Huan Li & Chong Wang

  2. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Thomas J. Algeo & Wei-Cheng Jiang

  3. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environment Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Thomas J. Algeo

  4. Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 42221-0013, USA

    Thomas J. Algeo

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  1. Da-Peng Zhu
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  2. Huan Li
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  3. Thomas J. Algeo
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  4. Wei-Cheng Jiang
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  5. Chong Wang
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Correspondence to Huan Li.

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Zhu, DP., Li, H., Algeo, T.J. et al. The prograde-to-retrograde evolution of the Huangshaping skarn deposit (Nanling Range, South China). Miner Deposita 56, 1087–1110 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-021-01042-7

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