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Review: Methodological approaches and research techniques for addressing construction and remediation problems in karst reservoirs

Revue: Approches méthodologiques et techniques d’investigation pour résoudre les problèmes de construction et de réparation concernant les réservoirs karstiques

Revisión: Enfoques metodológicos y técnicas de investigación para resolver los problemas de construcción y remediación de los embalses kársticos

解决岩溶水库建设和补救问题的方法和研究技术综述

Revisão: Abordagens metodológicas e técnicas de pesquisa para abordar problemas de construção e remediação em reservatórios cársticos

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Abstract

One of the aspects of reservoirs formed in highly karstified terrains is the wide range of unknowns. These unknowns impact the risks and problems that follow through from the initial design phase and field research, to dam construction, reservoir formation, filling and operation. Unfortunately, despite complex research and usually extensive remedial work, a large number of reservoirs constructed in karst terrains have problems with water losses at the dam site, as well as losses from the reservoir to other aquifers due to disturbance of the natural state of the karst aquifer. The great unpredictability of reservoirs in heavily karstified terrain means that, frequently, some can only be partially filled and some remain completely dry due to increased leakage. However, the risk component can be considerably reduced by improving research methods, by using regional hydrogeological, tectonic, speleogenetic and other approaches that are frequently neglected or underutilized in the project planning and field research phases. This paper reviews the methodological approach of dam construction and reservoir formation in karst terrains, from the early stages of project planning through the research phase to the filling phase and the operational state of the reservoir, highlighting and presenting some standard, as well as some unconventional, research techniques that can greatly assist in all stages of the project.

Résumé

Un des aspects des réservoirs réalisés dans des terrains hautement karstifiés est la grande gamme d’inconnues. Ces inconnues ont un impact sur les risques et les problèmes qui découlent de la phase de conception initiale et des investigations de terrain, jusqu’à la construction du barrage, la formation du réservoir, le remplissage et l’exploitation. Malheureusement, malgré des recherches complexes et des travaux de réparation généralement importants, un grand nombre de réservoirs construits en terrains karstiques ont des problèmes de pertes d’eau au niveau des barrages, ainsi que du réservoir vers d’autres aquifères en raison de la perturbation de l’état naturel de l’aquifère karstique. Le caractère imprévisible des réservoirs en terrain fortement karstifié signifie que, souvent, certains ne sont que partiellement remplis et certains restent complétement secs à cause de l’augmentation des pertes. Cependant, la composante risque peut être considérablement réduite en améliorant les méthodes de recherche, en utilisant des approches hydrogéologiques régionales, tectoniques, spéléogénétiques et autres qui sont fréquemment négligées ou sous-utilisées dans les phases de planification du projet et d’investigations de terrain. Cet article passe en revue l’approche méthodologique de construction de barrage et la formation de réservoir en terrains karstiques, des premiers stades de la planification du projet à la phase d’investigation en passant par la phase de remplissage et l’état opérationnel du réservoir, en mettant en évidence et en présentant certaines techniques de recherche classiques et non conventionnelles qui peuvent grandement subvenir dans toutes les étapes du projet.

Resumen

Uno de los aspectos de los embalses formados en terrenos altamente karstificados es la amplia gama de incógnitas. Estas incógnitas influyen en los riesgos y problemas que se plantean desde la fase inicial del diseño y la investigación de campo, hasta la construcción de la presa, la formación del embalse, el llenado y el funcionamiento. Lamentablemente, a pesar de las complejas investigaciones y de la generalmente amplia labor de recuperación, un gran número de embalses construidos en terrenos kársticos tienen problemas de pérdidas de agua en el lugar de la presa, así como pérdidas del embalse a otros acuíferos debido a la perturbación del estado natural del acuífero kárstico. La alta imprevisibilidad de los embalses en terrenos kársticos significa que, con frecuencia, algunos sólo pueden llenarse parcialmente y otros permanecen completamente secos debido al aumento de las filtraciones. Sin embargo, el componente de riesgo puede reducirse considerablemente mejorando los métodos de investigación, utilizando enfoques hidrogeológicos, tectónicos, espeleogenéticos y de otro tipo a nivel regional que con frecuencia se descuidan o se desaprovechan en las fases de planificación de proyectos e investigación sobre el terreno. En este trabajo se examina el enfoque metodológico de la construcción de presas y la formación de embalses en terrenos kársticos, desde las primeras etapas de la planificación del proyecto, pasando por la fase de investigación, hasta la fase de llenado y el estado operacional del embalse, destacando y presentando algunas técnicas de investigación estándar, así como algunas no convencionales, que pueden ser de mucha ayuda en todas las etapas del proyecto.

摘要

摘要 高度岩溶化区形成的储层相关的一个问题是未知其范围。这些未知因素会影响从初始设计阶段和现场研究到大坝建设,水库形成,蓄水和运营的风险和问题。不幸的是,尽管进行了复杂的研究并通常进行了广泛的补救工作,但是在岩溶地区建造大量的水库,都存在大坝附近的水流失以及由于对喀斯特含水层自然状态的干扰而导致的水库向其他含水层流动的问题。在高度发育的岩溶地区,储层的巨大不可预测性意味着,由于渗漏量的增加,有些水库经常只能部分充填,而有些却保持完全干燥。但是,通过改进研究方法,以及使用区域水文地质,构造,造山作用和其他在项目规划和实地研究阶段经常被忽视或利用不足的方法,可以大大降低风险。本文从岩溶区大坝建设和水库构建的方法论入手,从项目规划的早期阶段到研究阶段,再到水库的蓄水阶段和运行状态,重点介绍并阐述了一些标准,以及在项目的各个阶段辅助应用的其他非常规的标准和研究技术。

Resumo

Resumo Um dos aspectos dos reservatórios formados em terrenos altamente carstificados é a ampla gama de incógnitas. Essas incógnitas impactam os riscos e os problemas que vão desde a fase inicial de projeto e pesquisa de campo até a construção da barragem, formação do reservatório, enchimento e operação. Infelizmente, apesar da pesquisa complexa e do trabalho corretivo geralmente extenso, um grande número de reservatórios construídos em terrenos cársticos têm problemas com perdas de água no local da barragem, bem como perdas do reservatório para outros aquíferos devido à perturbação do estado natural do cársico aquífero. A grande imprevisibilidade dos reservatórios em terrenos altamente carstificados significa que, frequentemente, alguns podem ser apenas parcialmente preenchidos e alguns permanecem completamente secos devido ao aumento de vazamentos. No entanto, o componente de risco pode ser reduzido consideravelmente com o aprimoramento dos métodos de pesquisa, com o uso de abordagens regionais hidrogeológicas, tectônicas, espeleogenéticas e outras que são freqüentemente negligenciadas ou subutilizadas nas fases de planejamento do projeto e pesquisa de campo. Este artigo revisa a abordagem metodológica da construção de barragens e formação de reservatórios em terrenos cársticos, desde os estágios iniciais de planejamento do projeto, passando pela fase de pesquisa, até a fase de enchimento e o estado operacional do reservatório, destacando e apresentando alguns padrões, bem como algumas técnicas de pesquisa não convencionais que podem auxiliar muito em todas as etapas do projeto.

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Funding

This paper was written with support from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Serbia: Project “Assessment of the impact of climate change on water resources Serbia” (No: TR 37005) and Project “Groundwater Potential and Base for its Sustainable Utilization” (No: OI 176022).

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Milanović, S., Vasić, L. Review: Methodological approaches and research techniques for addressing construction and remediation problems in karst reservoirs. Hydrogeol J 29, 101–122 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02280-1

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