Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Using vermiwash to enhance performance of small-scale vermifiltration for swine farm wastewater

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Environmental Geochemistry and Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Pollution caused by swine wastewater is a growing concern in many countries. In the developing countries, swine wastewater is not properly collected and treated, the wastewater from swine farm pollutes the ecosystem. Especially for small swine farms, they could not afford to have wastewater treatment system. Therefore, farmers need cheap, sustainable technology for future mixed farming. Vermifiltration by earthworm has been introduced to be an answer for enhancing wastewater treatment. Vermiwash is the liquid gathered from vermicomposting that has high microbial activities and nutrients. This study was carried out on a small pilot scale to investigate swine wastewater treatment efficiency of vermifiltration system with and without vermiwash and compared with the geofiltration system. Vermiwash was incubated in vermifiltration and geofiltration systems for 1 week before the treatment. The result showed improved efficiency of vermifiltration incubated with vermiwash in swine wastewater treatment for biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) removal, which was highest followed by vermifiltration without incubated vermiwash, geofilter incubated with vermiwash and geofilter, respectively. Good performance of vermifiltration incubated with vermiwash compared with the geofilter treatment was demonstrated for removal of BOD (91.29 ± 9.89%, n = 10), COD (91.42 ± 6.34%, n = 10) and TSS (86.02 ± 10.45%, n = 10). Furthermore, the burrowing activity of the test earthworm (Eisenia fetida) promoted the aeration condition in vermifilter which led to more dissolved oxygen (DO) in effluent (61.28 ± 20.05%, n = 10). Moreover, the amount of copper (Cu) in effluent was decreased compared with influent by up to 88% in all treatment. After 10 weeks of the experiment, the vermicompost that was incubated with vermiwash and produced from earthworm on the top layer was analyzed and showed that nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) and soil organic carbon were increased with vermifilter treatment (47.65, 81.61 and 31.79%, respectively) compared with geofilter treatment. In addition, bioavailability of Cu in soil in form of exchangeable Cu was decreased by increasing the bound to organic matter fraction. Transformation of Cu during vermifiltration happened and alleviated the mobility and availability of Cu. Copper in exchangeable form can change into non-toxic form. Therefore, vermifiltration process incubated with vermiwash could reduce the dispersion of copper in swine waste. In conclusion, vermiwash could enhance performance of vermifiltration for swine farm wastewater treatment. The available fraction of copper in vermicompost produced from vermifiltration decreased. Therefore, the farmer could produce vermicompost as the biofertilizer for agricultural production. Using vermifiltration for wastewater treatment in small swine farm could be the eco-solution for nutrient recovery, water resource recycles and minimize pollution.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adugna, A. T., Andrianisa, H. A., Konate, Y., & Maiga, A. H. (2019). Fate of filter materials and microbial communities during vermifiltration process. Journal of Environmental Management, 242, 98–105.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AOAC. (2000). Official methods of analysis (17th ed.). Gaithersburg, MD: The Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Methods 925.10, 65.17, 974.24, 992.16.

  • APHA. (2017). Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater (23rd ed.). Washington DC: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environmental Federation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arora, S., Rajpal, A., Bhargava, R., Pruthi, V., Bhatia, A., & Kazmi, A. (2014). Antibacterial and enzymatic activity of microbial community during wastewater treatment by pilot scale vermifiltration system. Bioresource Technology, 166, 132–141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arora, S., Rajpal, A., & Kazmi, A. (2016). Antimicrobial activity of bacterial community for removal of pathogens during vermifiltration. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 142, 04016012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001080.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arora, S., Saraswat, S., Mishra, R., Rajvanshi, J., Sethi, J., Verma, A., et al. (2020). Design, performance evaluation and investigation of the dynamic mechanisms of earthworm-microorganisms interactions for wastewater treatment through vermifiltration technology. Bioresource Technology Reports, 12, 100603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmaruzzaman, M., & Gupta, V. K. (2011). Rice husk and its ash as low-cost adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 50(24), 13589–13613.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babot, D., & Andres, N. (2004). Technical of environmental management in the piggery production. Edition of Universitat of Lleida. Catalunya, Spain. 134 p. ISBN 84-688-7858-8.

  • Balasoiu, C. F., Zagury, G. J., & Deschenes, L. (2001). Partitioning and speciation of chromium, copper, and arsenic in CCA-contaminated soils: Influence of soil composition. The Science of the Total Environment, 280, 239–255.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benitez, E., Nogales, R., Elvira, C., Masciandaro, G., & Ceccanti, B. (1999). Enzyme activities as indicators of the stabilization of sewage sludge composting with Eisenia fetida. Bioresource Technology, 67, 297–303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belmonte, M., Hsieh, C. F., Figueroa, C., Campos, J. L., & Vidal, G. (2011). Effect of free ammonia nitrogen on the methanogenic activity of swine wastewater. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 14, 0717–3458.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bray, R. H., II., & Kurtz, L. T. (1945). Determination of total, organic and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Science, 59, 39–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bremner, J. M., et al. (1965). Total nitrogen. In C. A. Black (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. Agronomy (Vol. 9, pp. 1149–1278). Madison, WI: Am. Soc. Agron. Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boursier, H., Beline, F., & Paul, E. (2005). Piggery wastewater characterisation for biological nitrogenremoval process design. Bioresource Technology, 96, 351–358.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chintala, R., Mllinedo, J., Schumacher, T. E., Malo, D. D., & Julson, J. L. (2013). Effect of biochar on chemical properties of acidic soil. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2013.789870.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, E. (2007). Piggery waste management: Towards a sustainable future. IWA Publishing, 174 p. ISBN 1843391317.

  • Garg, P., Gupta, A., & Satya, S. (2006). Vermicomposting of different types of waste using Eisenia foetida: A comparative study. Bioresource Technology, 97, 391–395.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • García, D., Posadas, E., Blanco, S., Acién, G., García-Encina, P., Bolado, S., & Muñoz, R. (2018). Evaluation of the dynamics of microalgae population structure and process performance during piggery wastewater treatment in algal-bacterial photobioreactors. Bioresource Technology, 248, 120–126.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghasemi, S., Mirzaie, M., Hasan-Zaden, A., Ashrafnejad, M., Hashemian, S. J., & Shahnemati, S. R. (2020). Design, operation, performance evaluation and mathematical optimization of vermifiltration pilot plan for domestic wastewater treatment. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8, 103587.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghobadi, N., Shokoohi, R., Rahmani, A. R., Samadi, M. T., Godini, K., & Samarghandi, M. R. (2016). Performance of a pilot-scale vermifilter for the treatment of a real hospital wastewater. Avicenna Journal of Environmental Health Engineering, 3(2), 7585.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, F. C., Nieto-Diez, P. P., Leon, C. C., & Garcia, P. A. (2008). Solids and nutrients removals from the liquid fraction of swine slurry through screening and flocculation treatment and influence of these processes on anaerobic biodegradability. Bioresource Technology, 99(14), 6233–6239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, S. K., Vollmer, M. K., & Krebs, R. (1996). The importance of mobile, mobilisable and pseudo total heavy metal fractions in soil for three-level risk assessment and risk management. The Science of the Total Environment, 178, 11–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, N. K., Saiduddin, M., Kim, S., & Kim, K. S. (2020). Microscopic, spectroscopic, and experimental approach towards understanding the phosphate adsorption onto Zn–Fe layered double hydroxide. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 297, 111935.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, R. J., Nair, J., & Ho, G. (2009). The risk of sodium toxicity from bed accumulation to key species in the vermifiltration wastewater treatment process. Bioresource Technology, 100, 3815–3819.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang, J., Zhang, Z., & Wang, J. J. (2011). Influence of humic substances on bioavailability of Cu and Zn during sewage sludge composting. Bioresource Technology, 102, 8022–8026.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khwairakpam, M., & Bhargava, R. (2009). Vermitechnology for sewage sludge recycling. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 161(2009), 948–954.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klomjek, P. (2016). Swine wastewater treatment using vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland planted with Napier grass. Sustainable Environment Research, 26, 217–223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotoky, P., Bora, B. J., Baruah, N. K., Baruah, J., Baruah, P., & Borah, G. C. (2003). Chemical fractionation of heavy metals in soils around oil installations, Assam. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability, 15(4), 115–126.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, R., Verma, D., Singh, B. L., Kumar, U., & Shweta . (2010). Composting of sugar-cane waste by-products through treatment with microorganisms and subsequent vermicomposting. Bioresource Technology, 101, 6707–6711.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, T., Bhargava, R., Prasad, K. S. H., & Pruthi, V. (2015). Evaluation of vermifiltration process using natural ingredients for effective wastewater treatment. Ecological Engineering, 75, 370–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, T., Rajpal, A., Arora, S., Bhargava, R., Hari Prasad, K. S., & Kazmi, A. A. (2016). A comparative study on vermifiltration using epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(14), 6347–6354.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, C., & Ghosh, A. K. (2019). Fabrication of a vermifiltration unit for wastewater recycling and performance of vermifiltered water (vermiaqua) on onion (Allium cepa). International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-019-0247-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Land Development Department. (2011). Soil series of Thailand. https://www.ldd.go.th/web_eng56/Eng-detail/Soilgroup/index.htm. Accessed 1 August 2020.

  • Lakshmi, U. R., Srivastava, V. C., Mall, I. D., & Lataye, D. H. (2009). Rice husk ash as an effective adsorbent: evaluation of adsorptive characteristics for Indigo Carmine dye. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(2), 710–720.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazcano, C., Gómez-Brandón, M., & Domínguez, J. (2008). Comparison of the effectiveness of composting and vermicomposting for the biological stabilization of cattle manure. Chemosphere, 72, 1013–1019.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y. X., & Chen, T. B. (2005). Concentrations of additive arsenic in Beijing pig feeds and theresidues in pig manure. Resources, Conservation and Recycling., 45(4), 356–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y. S., Robin, P., Cluzeau, D., Bouché, M., Qiu, J. P., Laplanche, A., et al. (2008). Vermifiltration as a stage in reuse of swine wastewater: Monitoring methodology on an experimental farm. Ecological Engineering, 32(4), 301–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, D., Hockaday, W. C., Masiello, C. A., & Alvarez, J. J. (2011). Earthworm avoidance of biochar can be mitigated by wetting. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 43, 1732–1737.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., Xing, M., Yang, J., Zhao, L., & Dai, X. (2013). Organic matter humification in vermifiltration process for domesticsewage sludge treatment by excitation–emission matrix fluorescenceand Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 261, 491–499.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., Xing, M., Yang, J., & Lu, Y. (2013). Properties of biofilm in a vermifiltration system for domestic wastewater sludge stabilization. Chemical Engineering Journal, 223, 932–943.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, S. X., Wang, X., Li, Z., Gao, N., & Sun, H. (2014). Fractionation of heavy metals in contaminated soils surrounding non-ferrous metals smelting area in the north china plain. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability, 26(1), 59–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X., Hu, C., & Zhang, S. (2005). Effects of earthworm activity on fertility and heavy metal bioavailability in sewage sludge. Environment International, 31(6), 874–879.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J., Lu, Z., Yang, J., Xing, M., Yu, F., & Guo, M. (2012). Effect of earthworms on the performance and microbial communities of excess sludge treatment process in vermifilter. Bioresource Technology, 117, 214–221.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, G., Ling, S., Zhan, X., Lin, Z., Zhang, W., & Lin, K. (2017). Interaction effects and mechanism of Pb pollution and soil microorganism in the presence of earthworm. Chemosphere, 173, 227234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lourenco, N., & Nunes, L. M. (2017). Optimization of a vermifiltration process for treating urban wastewater. Ecological Engineering, 100, 138–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, X., Zhang, X., Li, L. Y., & Chen, H. (2017). Assessment of metals pollution and health risk in dust from nurseryschools in Xi’an, China. Environmental Research, 128, 27–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lv, B., Xing, M., & Yang, J. (2016). Speciation and transformation of heavy metals during vermicomposting of animal manure. Bioresource Technology, 209, 397–401.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maboeta, M., & Rensburg, L. V. (2003). Vermicomposting of industrially produced woodchips and sewage sludge utilizing Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 56, 265–270.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, K., Singh, K., & Tripathi, C. P. M. (2014). Management of municipal solid wastes and production of liquid biofertilizer through vermic activity of epigeic earthworm, Eisenia fetida. International Journal of Recycling Organic Waste in Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-014-0056-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mudziwapasi, R., Mlambo, S. S., Kuipa, P. K., Chigu, N. L., & Utete, B. (2016). Potential synchronous detoxification and biological treatment of raw sewage in small scale vermifiltration using an epigeic earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Resources and Environment, 6(1), 16–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nigussie, A., Kissi, E., Misaganaw, M., & Ambaw, G. (2012). Effects of biochar application on soil properties and nutrient uptake of lettuces (Lactuca sativa) grown in polluted soils. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 12(3), 369–376.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pathma, J., & Sakthivel, N. (2012). Microbial diversity of vermicompost bacteria that exhibit useful agricultural traits and waste management potential. Resource document. SpringerPlus. http://www.springerplus.com/content/1/1/26.

  • Plaza, C., Nogales, R., Senesi, N., Benitez, E., & Polo, A. (2008). Organic matter humification by vermicomposting of cattle manure alone and mixed with two phase olive pomace. Bioresource Technology, 99, 5085–5089.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pramanik, P., Ghosh, G. K., Ghosal, P. K., & Banik, P. (2007). Changes in organic—C, N, P and K and enzyme activities in vermicompost of biodegradable organic wastes under limiting and microbial inoculants. Bioresource Technology, 98, 2485–2494.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prombaingoen, M. S. (2017). Climate Smart Livestock Case study—Pig production in Thailand Reported to The Senior Animal Health and Production Officer (AFS) RAP and The FAORAP international Climate Smart Livestock Expert by.

  • Pollution Control Department. (2003). Guide for selection and maintenance of swine wastewater treatment system based on standard criteria of Department of Livestock. Bangkok: Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. ((in Thai)).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajpal, A., Arora, S., Bhatia, A., Kumar, T., Bhargava, R., et al. (2014). Co-treatment of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and sewage by vermireactor. Ecological Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.09.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, D. C., Belmonte, M., Peñuela, G., Campos, J. L., & Vidal, G. (2011). Behaviour of molecular weight distribution for the liquid fraction of pig slurry treated by anaerobic digestion. Environmental Technology, 32(4), 419–425.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, K., & Garg, V. K. (2018). Comparative analysis of vermicompost quality produced from rice straw and paper waste employing earthworm Eisenia fetida (Sav.). Bioresource Technology, 250, 708–715.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, R. K., Bharambe, G., & Chaudhari, U. (2008). Sewage treatment by vermifiltration with synchronous treatment of sludge by earthworms: A low-cost sustainable technology over conventional systems with potential for decentralization. The Environmentalist, 28(4), 409–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, R., Bhunia, P., & Dash, R. R. (2017). A mechanistic review on vermifiltration of wastewater: Design, operation and performance. Journal of Environmental Management, 197, 656–672.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, R., Bhunia, P., & Dash, R. R. (2019). Impact of organic loading rate and earthworms on dissolved oxygen and vermifiltration . Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, R., Samal, K., Dash, R. R., & Bhunia, P. (2019). Vermifiltration as a sustainable natural treatment technology for the treatment and reuse of wastewater: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 247, 140–151.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skjemstad, J. O., Reicosky, D. C., Wilts, A. R., & McGowan, J. A. (2002). Charcoal carbon in U.S. agricultural soils. Soil Science Society America Journal. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2002.1249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song, X., Liu, M., Wu, D., Qi, L., Ye, C., Jiao, J., & Hu, F. (2014). Heavy metal and nutrient changes during vermicomposting animalmanure spiked with mushroom residues. Waste Management, 34, 1977–1983.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava, V. C., Mall, I. D., & Mishra, I. (2006a). Characterisation of mesoporous rice husk ash (RHA) and adsorption kinetics of metal ions from aqueous solution onto RHA. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 134(1–3), 257–267.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava, V. C., Mall, I. D., & Mishra, I. (2006b). Equilibrium modelling of single and binary adsorption of cadmium and nickel onto bagasse fly ash. Chemical Engineering Journal, 117(1), 79–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, F. J. (1986). Cycle of soil C, N, P, S, and micronutrients. Hoboken: Wiley-Interscience.

    Google Scholar 

  • SubbaRao, N. S. (1995). Soil microorganisms and plant growth. NewDelhi: Oxford and IBH publishing co Pvt. Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suthar, S. (2010). Evidence of plant hormone like substances in vermiwash: An ecologically safe option of synthetic chemicals for sustainable farming. Ecological Engineering, 36, 1089–1092.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G. C., & Bisson, M. (1979). Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Analytical Chemistry, 51, 844–851.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teira-Esmatges, M. R., & Flotats, X. (2003). A method for livestock waste management planning in NE Spain. Waste Management, 23(10), 917–932.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira, J. B. S., Islabão, G. O., Vahl, L. C., Guidotti, R., Kath, A. H., & Oliveira, R. S. (2019). High rice husk ash doses applied to the soil can lead to phosphorus water contamination. Environmental Science and Pollution Research., 26, 6399–6408.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thongburan, A. & Iwai, C.B. (2018) Speciation of copper during vermicomposting process using the swine manure and cassava peel mixture with rice husk ash by Eisenia foetida. In International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture (ICSA), The Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture (FSA), Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sandakan, Malaysia, 19–21 September 2018, pp. 285–291.

  • Vanotti, M. B., Szogi, A. A., Hunt, P. G., Millner, P. D., & Humenik, F. J. (2007). Development of environmentally superior treatment system to replace anaerobic swine lagoons in the USA. Bioresource Technology, 98, 3184–3194.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Lian, J., Chao, J., Gao, Y., Yang, F., et al. (2013). Impact of fly ash and phosphatic rock on metal stabilization and bioavailability during sewage sludge vermicomposting. Bioresource Technology, 136, 281–287.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walkley, A., & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareft method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37, 29–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, J., Laird, D. A., & Thompson, M. L. (1999). Sorption and desorption of copper on soil clay components. Journal of Environmental Quality, 28(1), 334–338.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xing, M., Zhao, L., Yang, J., Huang, Z., & Xu, Z. (2011). Distribution and transformation of organic matter during liquid-state vermiconversion of activated sludge using elemental analysis and spectroscopic evaluation. Environment Engineering Science, 28(9), 619–626.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, J., Zhao, C., Xing, M., & Lin, Y. (2013). Enhancement stabilization of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cr and Cu) during vermifiltration of liquid-state sludge. Bioresource Technology, 146, 649–655.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, G., Xing, M., Liu, J., & Yang, J. (2017). Optimizing vermifilter depth byprocess performance collaborated withthe evolutions of microbialcharacteristics during sewage sludgetreatment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 6688–6697.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, D., Wang, X., & Zhou, Z. (2017). Impacts of small-scale industrialized swine farming on local soil, water and crop qualities in a hilly red soil region of subtropical China. International Journal of Environment Resources Public Health, 14(12), 15–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Integrated Land and Water Resources Management Research and Development Center in Northeast Thailand, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, and the Research Developing and Learning Center on Earthworm for Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, for providing facility and earthworm. The authors would like to thank Japanese Chamber of Commerce, Bangkok (JCC), and the 2020 Graduate Development Scholarship, offered by the National Research Council of Thailand, for providing financial support for the study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Soil Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, 123 Moo 16, Mittraphap Road, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand

    Natthawut Mungruaiklang & Chuleemas Boonthai Iwai

  2. Integrated Land and Water Resource Management Research and Development Center in Northeast Thailand, Khon Kaen University, 123 Moo 16, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand

    Chuleemas Boonthai Iwai

Authors
  1. Natthawut Mungruaiklang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chuleemas Boonthai Iwai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chuleemas Boonthai Iwai.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mungruaiklang, N., Iwai, C.B. Using vermiwash to enhance performance of small-scale vermifiltration for swine farm wastewater. Environ Geochem Health 43, 3323–3341 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00816-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00816-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation