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Controlled Release Formulations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid with Ecofriendly Matrices for Agricultural and Environmental Sustainability

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Abstract

Controlled release formulations (CRFs) of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) with chitosan (CTS) and chitosan-starch (CTS-STA) matrices were prepared in their un-crosslinked and crosslinked forms. Pesticide-matrix interactions were probed by FT-IR, while TGA and SEM provided information on the morphological characteristics of the pesticide-loaded beads. The CRF beads are more hydrophilic at pH 4 than at pH 8 due to increased number and strength of hydrogen bonds at pH 4. Crosslinking reduces the water uptake and expansion capacity of the beads in both acidic and basic media. Swelling of both bead types in water obeys first-order kinetics. Release of 2,4-D from the beads is of the burst type which exhibits zero-order kinetics. Measured n values range from 0.32 to 0.90, indicative of a non-Fickian diffusional release mechanism controlled by both water diffusion into, and relaxation of, the beads. These characteristics predispose the matrix blends as suitable biomaterials for agricultural and environmental sustainability.

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Acknowledgments

One of us (Ozioma Udochukwu Akakuru) is grateful to Prof. Aiguo Wu of Cixi Institute of the Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China in whose laboratory the first draft of this manuscript was prepared. We thank Dr. Elias E. Elemike and Mr. Romanus C. Uwaoma of the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Resource Beneficiation, respectively, of Northwest University, South Africa for assistance with FT-IR, TGA and SEM studies.

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  1. Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

    Ozioma Udochukwu Akakuru & Ikenna Onyido

  2. Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria

    Ozioma Udochukwu Akakuru

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  1. Ozioma Udochukwu Akakuru
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Akakuru, O.U., Onyido, I. Controlled Release Formulations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid with Ecofriendly Matrices for Agricultural and Environmental Sustainability. Macromol. Res. 29, 40–53 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-021-9004-9

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