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Origin and geochemical evolution of groundwater in the Abaya Chamo basin of the Main Ethiopian Rift: application of multi-tracer approaches

Origine et évolution géochimique des eaux souterraines dans le bassin d’Abaya Chamo du Grand Rift éthiopien: application d’une approche multi-traceurs

Origen y evolución geoquímica de las aguas subterráneas en la cuenca de Abaya Chamo del Main Ethiopian Rift: aplicación de métodos de múltiples trazadores

运用多种示踪方法研究地下水的成因和地球化学演化,以埃塞俄比亚裂谷Abaya Chamo盆地为例

Origem e evolução geoquímica da água subterrânea na bacia de Abaya Chamo no Principal Rifte Etíope: aplicação das soluções de multimarcadores

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Abstract

The fractured volcanic aquifer of the Abaya Chamo basin in the southern Ethiopian Rift represents an important source for water supply. This study investigates the geochemical evolution of groundwater and the groundwater flow system in this volcanic aquifer system using hydrochemistry and environmental tracers. Water types of groundwater were found to transform from Ca-Mg-HCO3 (western part of Lake Abaya area) to Na-HCO3 (northwestern part), from the highland down to the Rift Valley. Silicate hydrolysis and Ca/Na ion exchange are the major geochemical processes that control groundwater chemistry along the flow path. Groundwaters are of meteoric origin. The δ18O and δD content of groundwater ranges from −4.9 to −1.1‰ and –27 to 5‰, respectively. The δ18O and δD values that lie on the summer local meteoric water line indicate that the groundwater was recharged mainly by summer rainfall. δ13CDIC values of cold groundwater range from −12 to −2.7‰, whereas δ13CDIC of thermal groundwater ranges from −8.3 to +1.6‰. The calculated δ13CCO2(g) using δ13CDIC and DIC species indicates the uptake of soil CO2 for cold groundwater and the influx of magmatic CO2 through deep-seated faults for thermal groundwater. In the western part of Lake Abaya area, the shallow and deep groundwater are hydraulically connected, and the uniform water type is consistent with a fast flow of large gradient. In contrast, in the northern part of Lake Abaya area, water underwent deep circulation and slow flow, so the water types—e.g. high F− (up to 5.6 mg/L) and Na+—varied laterally and vertically.

Résumé

L’aquifère volcanique fracturé du bassin d’Abaya Chamo dans le sud du Rift éthiopien représente une source importante d’approvisionnement en eau. Cette étude s’intéresse à l’évolution géochimique et à la circulation des eaux souterraines dans ce système aquifère volcanique en utilisant l’hydrochimie et les traceurs environnementaux. On a constaté que les faciès des eaux souterraines évoluent depuis un pôle Ca-Mg-HCO3 (partie ouest de la région du lac Abaya) à un pôle Na-HCO3 (partie nord-ouest), des hautes terres jusqu’à la vallée du Rift. L’hydrolyse des silicates et les échanges cationiques Ca/Na sont les principaux processus géochimiques qui contrôlent la chimie des eaux souterraines le long de l’axe d’écoulement. Les eaux souterraines ont une origine météorique. La teneur en δ18O et en δD des eaux souterraines varie de −4.9 à −1.1‰ et de −27 à 5‰, respectivement. Les teneurs en δ18O et δD qui se trouvent sur la droite météorique locale d’été indiquent que les eaux souterraines sont rechargées majoritairement par les précipitations estivales. Les teneurs en δ13CDIC des eaux souterraines froides varient de −12 à −2.7‰, tandis que le δ13CDIC des eaux souterraines thermales varie de −8.3 à +1.6‰. Le δ13CCO2(g) calculé à l’aide du δ13CDIC et du CITD indique une influence du CO2 du sol pour les eaux souterraines froides et un apport en CO2 magmatique par des failles profondes pour les eaux souterraines thermales. Dans la partie ouest de la région du lac Abaya, les eaux souterraines superficielles et profondes sont hydrauliquement connectées, et leur faciès uniforme est compatible avec une vitesse de circulation rapide à fort gradient. En revanche, dans la partie nord de la région du lac Abaya, l’eau provient d’une circulation profonde à faible vitesse, de sorte que les faciès—e.g. Na+ et F− élevé (jusqu’à 5.6 mg/L)—varient latéralement et verticalement.

Resumen

El acuífero volcánico fracturado de la cuenca de Abaya Chamo, en el sur del Rift etíope, representa una importante fuente de abastecimiento de agua. En este estudio se investiga la evolución geoquímica y el flujo de las aguas subterráneas en este sistema de acuíferos volcánicos utilizando la hidroquímica y los trazadores ambientales. Se encontró que los tipos de agua subterránea se transforman de Ca-Mg-HCO3 (parte occidental de la zona del lago Abaya) a Na-HCO3 (parte noroccidental), desde las zonas altas hasta el valle del Rift. La hidrólisis de silicatos y el intercambio iónico Ca/Na son los principales procesos geoquímicos que controlan la química de las aguas subterráneas a lo largo de la trayectoria del flujo. Las aguas subterráneas son de origen meteórico. El contenido de δ18O y δD de las aguas subterráneas oscila entre −4.9 y –1.1‰ y −27 y 5‰, respectivamente. Los valores de δ18O y δD que se encuentran en la Línea Meteórica Local de verano indican que las aguas subterráneas se recargaron principalmente por las lluvias de verano. Los valores de δ13CDIC de las aguas subterráneas frías oscilan entre −12 y –2.7‰, mientras que los de δ13CDIC de las aguas subterráneas termales oscilan entre −8.3 y + 1.6‰. El δ13CCO2(g) calculado usando δ13CDIC y las especies DIC indica la captación de CO2 del suelo para las aguas subterráneas frías y el influjo de CO2 magmático a través de fallas profundas para las aguas subterráneas termales. En la parte occidental de la zona del lago Abaya, las aguas subterráneas someras y profundas están conectadas hidráulicamente, y el tipo de agua uniforme es consistente con un flujo rápido de alto gradiente. En cambio, en la parte septentrional de la zona del lago Abaya, el agua se sometió a una circulación profunda y a un flujo lento, por lo que los tipos de agua—por ejemplo, de alto F− (hasta 5.6 mg/L) y Na+—variaron lateral y verticalmente.

摘要

埃塞俄比亚裂谷南部Abaya Chamo盆地的火山断裂含水层是重要的供水来源。本文利用水化学和环境示踪剂方法研究了火山岩含水层系统中地下水的地球化学演化和水流系统。地下水的水化学类型从高地的Ca-Mg-HCO3型(Abaya湖区西部)水向裂谷的Na-HCO3(Abaya湖西北部)水转化。由硅酸盐水解形成的Ca/Na离子交换是控制整个水流路径上地下水化学特征的主要地球化学过程。地下水来源是大气成因。地下水δ18O和δD含量分别为–4.9 ~ −1.1‰和–27 ~ 5‰。夏季局部大气降水线上的δ18O和δD值表明,地下水主要受夏季降水补给。冷水的δ13CDIC值在–12 ~ −2.7‰之间,而地下热水的δ13CDIC值在–8.3 ~ +1.6‰之间。利用δ13CDIC和DIC组分计算出的δ13CCO2(g)表明,冷的地下水会吸收土壤中的CO2,而岩浆中的CO2通过深部断层进入地下热水。在Abaya湖西部,浅层和深层地下水存在水力连通。水化学类型演化与大坡度的水流流动相一致。然而,在Abaya湖北部,地下水由于经历了深循环和缓慢流动,因此水化学类型(如高F−(高达5.6 mg/L)和Na+)在横向和纵向上都有所不同。

Resumo

O aquífero vulcânico fraturado da bacia de Abaya Chamo no sudoeste do Rifte Etíope representa uma importante fonte de abastecimento de água. Este estudo investiga a evolução geoquímica e o sistema de fluxo da água subterrânea no sistema aquífero vulcânico utilizando hidroquímica e marcadores ambientais. Os tipos de águas subterrâneas foram reconhecidos a fim de transformar Ca-Mg-HCO3 (parte oeste do Lago Abaya) para Na-HCO3 (parte noroeste), a partir das áreas altas em direção ao vale do Rifte. Hidrólise dos silicatos e troca iônica Ca/Na são os mais importantes processos que controlam a hidroquímica subterrânea ao longo do caminho de fluxo. As águas subterrâneas são de origem meteórica. Os isótopos de δ18O e δD variam de −4.9 a –1.1% e –27 a 5%, respectivamente. Os valores de δ18O e δD que seguem a tendência da linha meteórica local de verão indicam que estas águas são recarregadas principalmente na precipitação de verão. Os valores de δ13CDIC das águas subterrâneas frias variam de −12 a –2.7%, enquanto o δ13CDIC da água subterrânea termal apresenta uma faixa de −8.3 a + 1.6%. O δ13CCO2(g) calculado usando as espécies de δ13CDIC e DIC, indica a contribuição do CO2 do solo nas águas subterrâneas frias e o influxo magmáticos de CO2 através das falhas profundas para as águas subterrâneas termais. Na área a oeste do Lago Abaya, as águas subterrâneas rasas e profundas estão conectadas hidraulicamente, e o tipo de água uniforme é consistente com o fluxo rápido de grande gradiente. Por outro lado, no norte do Lago Abaya, a água submete-se a uma profunda circulação e fluxo lento, desta forma, os tipos de água—e.g. alto F− (acima de 5.6 mg/L) e Na+—variaram lateralmente e verticalmente.

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Acknowledgments

This report is based on the PhD study of the first author at the Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Geology and Geophysics (IGGCAS). IGGCAS (Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science) is gratefully acknowledged for managing the grant and facilitating field works in Ethiopia. We thank the editor (Dr. Jean-Michel Lemieux) and three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments in improving the manuscript.

Funding

CAS-TWAS President’s Fellowship program is acknowledged for a PhD research grant to the first author.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia

    Muhammed Haji, Shankar Karuppannan & Hassen Shube

  2. Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China

    Muhammed Haji, Dajun Qin, Yi Guo, Lu Li & Dongdong Wang

  3. Institute of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Muhammed Haji, Dajun Qin, Yi Guo, Lu Li & Dongdong Wang

Authors
  1. Muhammed Haji
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  2. Dajun Qin
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  3. Yi Guo
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  4. Lu Li
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  5. Dongdong Wang
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  6. Shankar Karuppannan
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  7. Hassen Shube
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Correspondence to Muhammed Haji.

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Haji, M., Qin, D., Guo, Y. et al. Origin and geochemical evolution of groundwater in the Abaya Chamo basin of the Main Ethiopian Rift: application of multi-tracer approaches. Hydrogeol J 29, 1219–1238 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02291-y

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